Strategic Report of Harrods & Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Vital Report of Harrods and Liberty - Essay Example have diverse business goals in this way their practices about the outer condition is significantly factor, all planned for guaranteeing they remain in accordance with the requests of the objectives and standards for which the store stands. For example, Harrods shows a more significant level of forcefulness with the joining of current mechanical developments, though Liberty is obviously progressively intrigued by preservation of its notoriety and picture, rather than multi-commitment in full scale financial affecting components. Then again, Harrods seems to have its emphasis on a more extensive scope of crowd as obvious through its promoting methods, which are to a great extent innovation based. This without a doubt empowers the store to pass an occupied and enthusiastic feel of correspondence about itself. On its part, Liberty will in general position its practices on explicit and carefully premium top of the line advertise, giving the store an increasingly loosened up vibe. The outside and interior investigation of the two stores dependent on their techniques of retailing proposes that the two associations have not yet had the option to completely misuse the business openings at their presentation. Critical is the requirement for the two stores to embrace assorted variety in the items and administrations gave, and the way wherein this is done, so as to enlarge their client base just as helping them conquer a portion of the outside and inside ecological hindrances to business. Over the previous decades, there has been a critical change in the retail business, which has similarly presented additionally testing minutes for the retailers. In spite of this, the worldwide scene of retailing, which is on consistent change, has encountered monstrous improvement, even in the hour of high rivalry from inside the UK markets and that on the worldwide scene (Thirumalai and Sinha, 2009). Proof recommends that the move by the retailers to outfit the multi-channel rehearses and the developing advances in innovation have been key in expanding the solidness

Management History Module Free Essays

Activities  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1â€1 Multiple decision †¢ Whereas _____________ is worried about Whereas the methods for completing things, _____________ is worried about the closures, or accomplishment of hierarchical objectives. We will compose a custom exposition test on The executives History Module or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now or on the other hand a. adequacy; proficiency b. productivity; viability c. viability; objective accomplishment d. objective achievement; proficiency Answer: b  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1â€2 †¢ An association is ______________. a. the physical area where individuals work b. an assortment of people working for the assortment same organization same c. an intentional course of action of individuals to eliberate achieve some particular reason achieve d. a gathering of people concentrated on benefit bunch making for their investors making Answer: c  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. 1â€3 †¢ Operatives are characterized as workers who Operatives ___________. ___________. a. report to top officials b. report to center directors c. direct others d. have no others answering to them Answer: d  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. 1â€4 True/False inquiry †¢ The jobs of nonentity, pioneer, and contact are The every single relati onal job. all Managers who are compelling at meeting Managers rganizational objectives consistently act proficiently. authoritative Determining who reports to whom is a piece of the Determining controlling capacity of the board. controlling All associations build up a structure that All characterizes and constrains the conduct of individuals from the association. the v  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. ? ? v 1â€5 Blank filling †¢ Katz found that administrators required four Katz fundamental general abilities: ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). ), Today, the essential administration forms are Today, viewed as ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). ), Mintzberg found that chiefs perform 10 discovered various jobs, which can be assembled under hree classes: ( ), ( ), ( ).  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1â€6 Short Answer †¢ Explain what is implied by the term Explain â€Å"management†. †¢ Describe the four essential procedures of Describe the board. the board. â € ¢ Summarize the fundamental jobs performed by Summarize chiefs. supervisors. †¢ Describe the distinction among chiefs and Describe agents. agents.  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. 1â€7 History Module THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. 1â€8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. XY ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1â€9 Adam Smith’s Contribution To The Field Of Management †¢ Wrote the Wealth of Nations( ) (1776) Advocated the financial focal points that associations Advocated and society would harvest from the division of work: Increased efficiency by expanding each worker’s ability Increased and finesse. Time spared that is generally lost in evolving errands. Time The making of work sparing innovations and hardware. The sparing  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1â€10 The Industr ial Revolution’s Influence On Management Practices †¢ Industrial Revolution Machine power started to fill in for human force Machine Lead to large scale manufacturing of conservative products Lead Improved and less exorbitant transportation frameworks Improved opened up Created bigger markets for merchandise. Made Larger associations created to serve bigger Larger markets Created the requirement for formalized administration rehearses. Made  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1â€11 I. Old style Contributions †¢ Classical Approach Classical The term used to portray the theories of The logical administration scholars and the general dministrative scholars. Logical administration scholars Scientific †Fredrick W. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Fredrick and Henry Gantt and General managerial scholars General †Henri Fayol and Max Weber  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. 1â€12 â€â€Frederick Taylor †¢  · (1856-1915), †¢  © 2008 Prentice Hall, I nc. All rights held. 1â€13 Scientific Management †¢ Frederick W. Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) The Advocated the utilization of the logical strategy to Pushed characterize the â€Å"one best way† for work to be done Believed that expanded proficiency could be accomplished Believed by choosing the perfect individuals for the activity and preparing them to do it accurately in the one most ideal way. To propel laborers, he supported motivating force compensation To plans. Isolated administrative work from employable work. Isolated  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1â€14 †¢ â€Å" †, , : 1. ; 2.  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1â€15 †¢ , : (Time Study)†Ã¢â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å" (Motion Study)†Ã¢â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬ , ?, ,  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. 1â€16 †¢ Shovel Experiment Shovel †¢ Pig-iron Experiment †¢ High-speed Steel Experiment  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. 1â€17 †¢ : †¢ : , 22P ,  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1â€18 †¢ 12T, :47. 5T †¢ :$1. 15, :$1. 85 †¢ â€â€ †¢ , â€â€ †¢  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. 1â€19 †¢ 26? †¢ 80 †¢ , †¢  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. †¢ 1â€20 Taylor’s Four Principles of Management P24 1. Build up a science for every component of an individual’s work, which replaces the old general guideline technique. 2. Experimentally select and afterward train, instruct, and build up the laborer. (Beforehand, laborers picked their own work and prepared themselves as well as can be expected. 3. Generously help out the laborers in order to guarantee that all work is done as per the standards of the science that has been created. 4. Partition work and obligation similarly among the board and laborers. The executives assumes control over all work for which it is preferable fitted over the laborers. (Already, practically all the work and most of the duty were tossed upon the laborers. )  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. 1â€21 P24 †¢ :1911 : ; , 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1â€22 †¢ :  · ?, â€â€ , 12 20? , ?1 30? , 1921 1  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1â€23 †¢ â€Å" † , †¢ , ?, , (? )?  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. 1â€24 (2) †¢ , ?:â€Å" , † †¢ , â€â€ .  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1â€25  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1â€26 General Administrative Theory †¢ General Administrative Theorists General Developed general speculations of what supervisors do Developed and what establishes great administration practice Henri Fayol (France) Henri Fourteen Principles of Management: Fundamental Fourteen or all inclusive standards of the board practice †¢ Ideal organization Ideal Max Weber (Germany) Max Bureaucracy: Ideal sort of association Bureaucracy: haracterized by division of work, a plainly characterized order, definite guidelines and guidelines, and i ndifferent connections  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1â€27  · †¢ 1860 ? · †¢ â€Å"? †, †¢ 40 (Henry Fayol, 1841-1925),  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1â€28 : 1916 †¢ : †¢ :14  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. 1â€29 EXHIBIT HMâ€2 Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of Management 1. Division of Work 8. Centralization 2. Authority 9. Scalar Chain 3. Order 10. Request 4. Solidarity of Command 11. Value 5. Solidarity of Direction 12. Solidness of Tenure of Personnel 6. Subjection of Individual Interests to the General Interest 13. Activity 14. Esprit de Corps 7. Compensation  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. 1â€30  · †¢ ? †¢ : †¢  · (Max Weber, 1864-1920),  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1â€31 EXHIBIT HMâ€3 Weber’s Ideal Bureaucracy 1. Division of Labor 2. Authority Hierarchy 3. Formal Selection 4. Formal Rules and Regulations 5. Indifference 6. Profession Orientation  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. 1â€32 ? ? , :  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. 1â€33 II.  · †¢ 1924-1932 (Hawthorne) †¢ (George Elton Mayo, 1880-1949),  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights saved. 1â€34 †¢ Illumination Experiment Incentives Experiment  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights held. 1923-1927 927 1929-1932 1929-1932 1â€35 Hawthorne Studies †¢ A progression of studies done during the 1920s and arrangement 1930s that gave new bits of knowledge into bunch standards and practices standards Hawthorne impact Hawthorne Social standards or principles of the gathering are the Social key determinants of individual work conduct. †¢ Changed the common perspective on the time that Changed individuals were the same than machines. individuals  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rig hts held.

wait for it

wait for it In case you missed it, MIT EA decisions come out next Saturday. Thats over a week for you to flail, refresh College Confidential repeatedly, chug coffee, drop out of school and go live in the mountains as a goat herder, and come up with convoluted algorithms that calculate your chances of getting in based on your test scores/GPA/extracurriculars/social media presence/Hogwarts house. I did all of those things, back in the prehistoric year of 2015 when college decisions were delivered not through the internet or even snail mail, but by Hermes, the messenger god. It was a stressful week. Please dont freak out like me. Instead, you should: Get off social media. Lots of your classmates might be getting into various schools around this time, and it can be super stressful to see everybody posting about their acceptances, even if youre happy for them. Delete Instagram/Snapchat/Facebook etc. just for the week. You can congratulate them later. Clean your room. Your parents will thank you. Work on your other college apps. A lot of universities have January 1st deadlines, and thats coming up  real  fast. Even if you end up getting into your top choice early, it doesnt hurt to prepare essays for other universities just in case. Spend time with your family and friends. Next year, youll most likely be away at school, and even when you visit home for the holidays, it wont be the same. Cherish the time you have with your loved ones, and make some memories. Focus on school. Yes, your senior year grades still matter! Schools you apply to regular action will see your first-semester grades, and the university you ultimately attend may rescind you if you start failing classes. I know senioritis is coming in strong but hang in there :) Watch this video of two hamsters on a wheel. . . . its not a metaphor. Really. Apply for scholarships. Lots of major scholarships are only available to high school seniors! Take the opportunity to potentially rake in tens of thousands of dollars. Reply to no-reply corporate emails. Just to see what happens. Learn to cook. Even if youre on a dining plan during college, knowing how to cook is still an essential life skill. Check out these 21 ways to upgrade instant ramen. Buy holiday gifts for loved ones. Dont be the kid rolling up on Christmas Day with a bunch of regifts. Your dad deserves better than your aunts homemade soap from two years ago. Write thank-you letters to your guidance counselor and teachers. Your application was a group effort. Share your gratitude with those who wrote your recommendation letters and gave you advice. Master all the steps to the Cupid Shuffle. Youll be a hit at prom. Go for a run. Even if the only running you usually do is away from your problems. Post Tagged #and if none of this helps just remember we all eventually fade into oblivion and return to the dust that birthed us

Atlantic Slave Trade - 1772 Words

The origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade were products of Western Europe’s expansion of power that began at the beginning of the 1500’s through the 1900‘s. The main contributing European countries to the Atlantic Slave Trade were Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, France, and England. Portugal lead the movement during the 1400’s and arrived in Western Africa in hopes to find Christian allies to spread Christianity against the Muslims of Northern Africa. But they soon became more interested in trade (Hine, Hine Harrold, 2011). Slavery, however, has existed in all cultures for thousands of years. For example, Arab merchants and West African Kings imported white European slaves. At first, the slave trade focused on women and children who†¦show more content†¦Many times, especially during storms, the slavers neglected to feed the slaves or change the tubs and buckets used for toilets, as well removing dead bodies (Hine, Hine Harrold, 2011). Sanitation was also a major contributor to death and disease. Only about three or four toilet tubs were provided for all of the slaves. Mortality rates were exceptionally high on the ships, averaging around 15%. Overall, about one third of all slaves died during the whole process of moving them from Africa to the Americas. The main causes of mortality on the ships were diseases such as small pox, malaria, dysentery, yellow fever and measles (Hine, Hine Harrold, 2011). There was however still rebellions from the captive slaves aboard the ships. Rebellions usually occurred when the ship was getting ready to set sail or when they ships were still within sight of the Africa land mass, when there was still hope for the slaves to return home. Often times slaves would actually starve themselves intentionally or try to jump off the ship to drown. But to combat this, the slavers would sometimes put nets on the side of the ship to stop jumpers and to deal with those who would refuse to eat, the slavers would use hot coals to force individual’s mouths open to eat (Hine, Hine Harrold, 2011). The women aboard the slave ships were treated very badly as well. They were often raped and sexually abused. Many times, all of the women were kept in separate rooms to make it easier forShow MoreRelatedEffects Of The Atlantic Slave Trade967 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen a crime. The effects of The Atlantic Slave Trade still lingers in today’s culture. It was one of the vast developments that help shape the course of history as the World knows it. Ultimately there is no way to justify who is responsible. Europeans and Africans should be held equally accountable for the destruction of the African population. The Ottoman Empire took control over Constantinople in 1453. When doing so they put an end to the supply of Slavic slaves. Before the 15th century southernRead MoreEssay on The Atlantic Slave Trade921 Words   |  4 PagesThe Atlantic Slave Trade The changes in African life during the slave trade era form an important element in the economic and technological development of Africa. Although the Atlantic slave trade had a negative effect on both the economy and technology, it is important to understand that slavery was not a new concept to Africa. In fact, internal slavery existed in Africa for many years. Slaves included war captives, the kidnapped, adulterers, and other criminals and outcasts. HoweverRead MoreThe Decline Of The Atlantic Slave Trade2406 Words   |  10 PagesThe Atlantic Slave Trade took place subsequently to the breakthrough discovery of the New World, also acknowledged today as North and South America. The Trade established a global exchange or Triangular trade between the Americas, Europe and Africa. The exchange between the Old and New world occurred to satisfy the enormous European demands for African labor on the plantations and for the colonization across the newly uncovered land. Prior to the Atl antic Slave Trade, Slavery had stood alive andRead MoreThe Atlantic Slave Trade1392 Words   |  6 PagesThe Atlantic Slave Trade was a system of slavery that took place between the 16th and 19th centuries. It comprised of capturing African tribesmen and women from areas of Western and Central Africa and placing them into the colonies of the New World in North, Central, and South America. Many countries like England, Portugal, Spain, Holland, and France, had participated in enslaving the African peoples. The African slaves were used to exploit an array of commodities such coffee, cotton, rum, sugarRead MoreThe Trans Atlantic Slave Trade2824 Words   |  12 PagesProblem For nearly five centuries – from the 15th century at the onset of the trans-Atlantic slave trade up to the 1950s when African states began to win the struggle for independence, Africa was exploited as a continent. The natural as well as the human resources were taken with no returns. This great pillage led to a complete halt of trade in Africa. Trade implies an exchange, yet the human resources were taken as slaves and the former colonial masters took the natural and mineral resources withoutRead MoreEffects Of The Atlantic Slave Trade On Africa1516 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa The Atlantic slave trade existed from the 16th to the early 19th century and stimulated trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Over 12 million Africans were captured and sold into chattel slavery off the coast of West Africa, and more than 2 million of them died crossing the Atlantic. These outcomes of the slave trade are rarely disputed among historians; the effect of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa, however, is often a topic of debate.Read MoreEssay on Trans Atlantic Slave Trade1105 Words   |  5 PagesMarch 7, 2006 Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Slavery originated from Africa after the Bantu migrations spread agricultural to all parts of the continent. Africans would buy slaves to enlarge their families and have more power. Also, they would buy slaves in order to sell them to make a profit. It then spread out from Africa to Portugal and was said, it is estimated that during the four and a half centuries of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Portugal was responsible for transportingRead MoreThe Trade Of The Atlantic Slave Trade3341 Words   |  14 Pages2014 The Atlantic Slave Trade took place from the 16th century to the 19th century. Most of the slaves were taken from West Africa, but the trade also affected other parts of the continent. By the end of the trade, it became the biggest human migration to date. Generally, we know a lot about the effects slavery had in the New World, but we have less information on how the slave trade affected African societies. Although there were no scholars which contested the harm the slave trade caused, howeverRead MoreThe Journey Across The Atlantic Slave Trade1937 Words   |  8 Pagesof recreational fun. I was dreading having to read it. But I can say that after studying this narrative, it has opened my eyes about early slavery and especially the Atlantic slave trade. In the self-written life story The Interesting Narrative of Oladah Equiano, we get a close up look at what slavery and the Atlantic slave trade were actually like for those sold into slavery. I believe this book has great histo rical significance when it comes to studying slavery during the late 1700s for manyRead MoreThe Atlantic Slave Trade Movement870 Words   |  4 PagesThe Atlantic Slave trade helped many African Americans transport across the Atlantic Ocean. Many slaves went through different experiences as they migrated from the Atlantic Ocean to America. Slavery and Slave Trade occurred in variety of cultures for over thousand of years. In West Africa, slave trade was much more common. It involved majority women and children that became servants only in Asia and North Africa. By the time Spain joined Portugal, the Atlantic slave trade expanded a there was

Jane Eyre - Power and Manipulation - 2259 Words

â€Å"Jane’s relationship with Rochester in the early part of the novel is based not on love but control, manipulation and secrecy. She does well to escape† On Jane’s first meeting with Rochester, he immediately asserts his control without Jane even realising, his whole presence suggests that he has a powerful awe about him. He broke the medieval trance that Jane was in, â€Å"The man, the human being, broke the spell at once† she was expecting a Gytrash, a mystical creature that lies in wait of lonely travellers to lead them astray, a metaphor for Mr Rochester, he may not be a gytrash but he is a mystical man that attempts to lead Jane into a world of secrecy and manipulates her feelings for him. Charlotte Bronte describes Rochester for the†¦show more content†¦He also accuses her of bewitching his horse, he recognized that Jane was day dreaming of another world when they met. He is quick to respond to Mrs Fairfax’s appreciation of Jane’s presence, â€Å"Don’t trouble yourself to give her a character†, â€Å"eulogiums will not bias me; I shall judge for myself. She began by felling my horse.† Mr Rochester continues to manipulate the conversation to his advantage, he wants to know all about Jane and in a small conversation he learns she is an orphan with no other family, she was shunned by her Aunt Reed and since has lived a life of an nun. He also requests that she proves her accomplishments, when she states that she can a little piano he orders her to play, although he does recognize that he is ordering her about, but states that he cannot treat her differently from the other â€Å"inmates† of Thornhill. He continued to question her abilities when he views her sketches, presuming that she is not capable of such work on her own. He keeps her in conversation for some time but very quickly turns it round on her when he recognizes that Jane has allowed Adele to stay up later than usual, â€Å"what are you about, Miss Eyre, to let Adele sit up so long? Take her to bed.† The two above meetings show that Mr Rochester will use his position of the house to assert his power over Jane, she has clearly caught his attention but heShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Men and Women: Jane Eyre and The Handmaids Tale1775 Words   |  8 Pages Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre entails a social criticism of the oppressive social ideas and practices of nineteenth-century Victorian society. The presentation of male and female relationships emphases men’s domination and perceived superiority over women. Jane Eyre is a reflection of Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s own observation on gender roles of the Victorian era, from the vantage point of her position as governess much like Jane’s. Margaret Atwood’s novel was written during a period of conservative revival in theRead MoreJane Eyre : A Critique Of Strict Social Class Hierarchy1991 Words   |  8 Pages ‘Jane Eyre’ highlights the ways in which the proletariat is oppressed by the bourgeoisie. As such, the novel could be regarded as a critique of the strict social class hierarchy in Victorian England, particularly in terms of the despicable mistreatment of Jane at the hands of her supposed â€Å"social superior† John Reed. Reed violently torments and oppresses Jane, reminds her constantly of being an ‘orphan’,a ‘dependent’ of the Reed family. Thus, Reed exemplifies the upper class oppressingRead MoreThe Significance of Jane Eyres Relationship With Helen Burns3273 Words   |  14 PagesSignificance of Jane Eyres Relationship With Helen Burns Jane Eyre is a classical novel written in 1947 by Charlotte Bronte, who at the time was also known as Currer Bell. This timeless piece is based on the life of an orphaned girl named Jane Eyre who begins her life under the care of an Aunt, Mrs. Reed. Both Janes parents have died within only a year of her birth leaving Mrs. Reed with the responsibility of Janes well being. However, Mrs. Reeds treatment towards Jane is purelyRead MoreReview Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 10879 Words   |  44 PagesSummer Reading Notes Jane Eyre Background of author Name: Charlotte Bronte Birth/Death: April 21, 1816 to March 31,1855 Facts that connect: Mr. Brocklehurst is based off the Reverend Carus Wilson, the man who ran Cowan Bridge. Bronte lost two of her sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, to tuberculosis at Cowan Bridge. Bronte s brother, Patrick, became addicted to drugs and alcohol before he died. Similarities: She, along with her three sisters, was sent to the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan BridgeRead MoreBeauty And The Beautiful Beast : A Discussion Of Gender Roles And Abusive Relationships1822 Words   |  8 Pagesable to function in society and is very dangerous (3). Because of this nature, Merskin argues that â€Å"the characterization of Edward as a desirable male poses a danger to real girls-as-eventual-women’s sense of self and development and the idea of the power dynamics in real relationships with boys-as-eventual-men† (3). This is in agreeance with D. N. Borgia, who states that Twilight â€Å"promote[s] conservative gender roles that demand women s submission to dominant male partners, [and] also idealize andRead MoreThe Day Of The Floor1999 Words   |  8 Pages I did not want to continue on. She pressed the next button. â€Å"It’s almost mine!† Voices echo as the doors reopen and we step onto the next floor. Up ahead I can see a group of individuals grabbing and running towards mirages and images of wealth, power, and fame, but whenever they approach them, they go right through what seems to be, because they are only a figment of the imagination. â€Å"Floor 2, home of the selfish and manipulative, those who use others for their own selfish reasons and motives†Read MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesCities The House of Mirth Their Eyes Were Watching God Jude the Obscure 2003 (Form A): According to critic Northrop Frye, â€Å"Tragic heroes are so much the highest points in their human landscape that they seem the inevitable conductors of the power about them, great trees more likely to be struck by lightning than a clump of grass. Conductors may of course be instruments as well as victims of the divine lightning.† Select a novel or play in which a tragic figure functions as an instrument ofRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pagesin early modern England. Indeed, many of the conclusions reached in the thesis, such as my claim that the cultural eroticization of feminine appetite in early modern England betrayed a deep-seated masculine mistrust of female sexuality and sexual power, serve as starting points for future research and study. Ohio Wesleyan University Writing Center  © 2011 Page 12 On a more basic level, writing a thesis gave me the chance to become better acquainted with the essentials of historical research

Dbq U S History Section 2 Free Essays

During the 1600’s many ideas and values affected the political, economic, and social development of the New England colonies (specifically from 1630 through the 1660’s) . The puritains had a close kinship, for example â€Å"working as one man†, and entertaining eachother in brotherly affection. The Puritans were a significant grouping of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. We will write a custom essay sample on Dbq U S History Section 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Puritanism in this sense was founded by some Marian exiles from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, as an activist movement within the Church of England. The designation â€Å"Puritan† is often incorrectly used, notably based on the assumption that hedonism and Puritanism are antonyms: Historically, the word was used to characterize the Protestant group as extremists similar to the Cathari of France, and according to Thomas Fuller in his Church History dated back to 1564, Archbishop Matthew Parker of that time used it and â€Å"precisian† with the sense of modern â€Å"stickler†. They were blocked from changing the system from within, but their views were taken by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands and later New England, and by evangelical clergy to Ireland and later into Wales, and were spread into lay society by preaching and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge. Initially, Puritans were mainly concerned with religious matters, rather than politics or social matters. They took on distinctive views on clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort were resisted by the English bishops. They largely adopted Sabbatarian views in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism. The main influences to the new England colonies were that puritans Stressed education, which meant formation of schools such as Harvard to train ministers. Also, Motivation for success, it was â€Å"God’s will† that the New England colonies flourish. Third, a diverse working class, farmers as well as artisans, created from families that immigrated instead of just young men who settled Jamestown. Fourth, democratic values, which meant, town hall meetings, which began with the Puritans, Fifth separation of church and state, which was one of the first issues that tore at Puritan society. And lastly, the first forms of rebellion, leading to the independence of the United States. One of the most dominant Puritanical beliefs that still lingers, to a large extent, was its categorization of God. Simply put, the Puritans had a very demonizing view of the divine and the role of humans within such a scheme. The Puritans believed strongly in original sin, and to this extent, ended up ensuring that humans never deviated from the belief that they were naturally sinful. Such a belief ended up affecting New England, and all of America to a degree, with a challenging view of God. On one hand, individuals sought to believe in redemption because of the democratic experience that they had inherited, a political system that stressed the idea of â€Å"forming a more perfect union† and trying to â€Å"get it right.    Yet, this was opposite of the Puritan point of view regarding spirituality where God was proverbially unhappy with individuals regardless of acts. Both were set on a collision course by the Puritans, revealing a division in how individuals viewed themselves and the world. What the Puritans did in Massachusetts was embodied by all of the New England Colonies, resulti ng in a very paradoxical view of religion and a conflict, to a certain extent, in the New England Colonies. How to cite Dbq U S History Section 2, Papers

Corporate Socials Responsibility

Question: Describe about the corporate social responsibility. Answer: Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) also referred to as corporate citizenship or corporate governance has become one of the most of debated issues in the present day business discussions. There are many views about what constitutes CSR, why it is important and how to integrate CSR into the business culture of an organization. Essentially, CSR is form of corporate self-governance and a long-term commitment of an organization to conduct business in a socially responsible, sustainable and ethical manner (Carroll 2015). Corporate social responsibility is a means of incorporating ethical business practices and regulations into the business organizations and its operations. This essay, therefore, aim at discussing and analysing corporate social responsibilitys contemporary controversies and architecture. In the modern business context, the role of CSR has become even more important, as it aims at sustainable development and increasing organizations participation in community development. Therefore, it is important to understand what are the current trends in the CSR and how the CSR activities of corporations are defining the business environment and what are its future implications. Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility can be defined as a business approach that aims at sustainable development by delivering economic, social and environmental benefits for all the stakeholders. CSR, however is a very broad term and includes many elements such as corporate governance, health and safety, environmental issues, human rights, and contribution to economic development of stakeholders. Although, CSR many definitions the underlying principle is to drive change towards sustainability (Pedersen 2015). The current discussion on CSR aims at finding the right answers to questions such as how an organization can generate legitimate profits? What should be considered a fair distribution of a corporations wealth between shareholders, employees and the society? Are companies are required to put part of their wealth back into the society? Can markets be relied upon to set fair prices of labour, resources and products? Do government needs to monitor corporations CSR? (Preuss 2013). Business ethics being a part of the broader concept of CSR has always been a hot topic. It is the responsibility of business corporations to serve the society where it operates. In spite of all issues related to what constitutes ideal definition of CSR and how an organization can integrate CSR in the core business policies, there are some companies that have set good examples for other corporations to follow. CSR when implemented and incorporated in the true sense can lead to many benefits to the organizations that cannot be analysed immediately but has long term positive outcomes. CSR helps in character building of the organization and helps in enhancing brand value and sustained business operations. There are some organizations that have taken the concept to a whole new level by being socially and environmentally proactive about organizational roles and responsibilities in relation to its stakeholders and the society it serves (Weiss 2014).One such example can be Starbucks. The company has pledged to provide full tuition fees to its employees for all four years of college with no commitment to stay back with Starbucks post graduation. Over the past few years, the company has undertaken many steps to help in the development of its stakeholders. The company had voluntary shared its profits with its employees by providing them with health care facilities, pre-tax stock gains and pension contributions (Korschun et al. 2014). Previously corporate social responsibility has been understood as the charity or philanthropic works performed by business corporations. In addition, due to increasing concern for the environment, business corporations actively started undertaking initiatives to conserve the environment. However, the concept of CSR is very broad and includes business ethics, legal compliance, community investments, employee welfare, transparent reporting of financial statements, environmental management, sustainability, bio-diversity conservation, human rights, corporate governance, and fair and transparent business practices (Aguinis and Glavas 2012). The current trends in CSR focuses on both internal and external stakeholders of the organization i.e. employees, shareholders, and community as a whole. The CSR aims at building a long-term and mutually beneficial relationship with the organizations stakeholders and society by large. Business corporations need to develop voluntary and mandatory reporting relating to the business. The general principles of ethics and morality should be incorporated into the business practices in such a manner that business generates sustainable wealth for itself and help in development of society and environment (Cheng et al. 2014). In spite of extensive discussion on the CSRs main objectives and, how it can help the organization, society, and environment in achieving sustainable development, there is huge difference between theory and practice. Most of the business organizations see corporate social responsibility activities as means of hiding their unfair business practices and presenting a favourable image of itself in the society. The emergence of various scandals in the recent past validates this point (Ragas and Culp 2014). For instance, the financial scandal of Enron Corp. not only lead to bankruptcy of the business but also severely affected its stakeholders such as employees, shareholders, society and government. It is the responsibility of business to help in the wealth maximization of it stakeholders and follow fair business practices to protect the interests of its stakeholders. Volkseagen exemplifies the similar breach of CSR core policy. Volkswagens emission scandal that was due to companys fiddlin g of diesel exhaust pollution tests comes under the purview of unethical business practices. On the one hand, the company presents itself as socially and environmentally responsible business while at the same time indulges in such unscrupulous business practices that puts the environment at risk (DesJardins and McCall 2014).The Volkswagens case is a classic example of CSR failure. The company deliberately developed defeat devices (software) that have circumvented the emission tests and this has helped the company to become number one carmaker in the Germany. The company has completely ignored the principles of corporate social responsibility and manufactured and marketed cars that produce 40 times of the permissible nitrogen oxide emissions. This had serious environmental implications that slowly poisoning the environment and put the interests of its stakeholders at risk (Schneider and Schmidpeter 2012). In the light of these two examples, it can be said that business corporations are not as responsible as it expected of them. To maximize profits, defeat competition, and to achieve success, companies are deliberating violating the principles of business ethics and corporate governance. The practices such as falsification of accounting reports, excessive exploitation of natural resources, unfair trade practices, violation of human rights at factories (especially in underdeveloped and developing countries), environmental degradation are still in practice and corporate social responsibility has become just a kind of obligation or compliance that corporations undertake (Mirvis 2012). As mentioned, the underlying principle behind corporate social responsibility is to device means for sustainable development and doing business in a ethical manner so that overall development of the society can achieved. CSR is a form of corporate self-governance and it is necessary that business follow the principle of integrity and ethics. However, as evident from the cases of Enron and Volkswagen that business corporation are still struck in the industrial age where the sole purpose of business is to maximize profits at any cost. CSR has become a mask under which corporations hides their true intentions and tries to present a positive or socially responsible image. Therefore, it is important for the government to closely monitor businesses internal operations and CSR practices being followed by corporations, as business corporations have not been able to monitor and internally govern unethical and unfair business practices (Vogel and Trapp 2014). Corporate governance is determined by corporations internal code of ethics, vision and mission statements and leadership style. Although, CSR is determined by free market conditions and organizations self-responsibility towards the community they serve, it may be beneficial for the community if the government supervises and controls the CSR of business corporations. Government have better understanding of community needs and business organizations works better under legal regulations rather than the free market. Government can enforce moral and ethical principles on indifferent corporations (Servaes and Tamayo 2013). CSR is something that requires normative and descriptive study, government involvement, legal framework, and market dynamics. CSR is quite important for decision-making and actions since it is related to director, managers and other participants from corporate sectors. For instance, Australia has taken major CSR regulatory inquiries in 21st century. Being a member of G20 it is one of the biggest economies in Asia pacific region which has increased its significance towards creating sustainability framework and investment (Cavico 2013). Recent debates regarding the CSR Strategy are mainly concerned about the fair distribution of organizations wealth between the shareholders, employees and society. CSR, which is the global challenge of 21st century, can be explained in many different angles. It focuses on governmental, legal and business framework and corporate responsiveness to the system of governance and ensures responsibility in todays business environment. Many public, private and community sectors are engaged in CSR activities. They have taken measure to standardize CSR initiatives in UN, EU, UK and a host of other countries which are involved to review the CSR issue in their corporate policy and practices. Todays CSR is characterized by increasing public awareness which has taken it to a new level (Ofodile et al. 2012). A recent study has revealed CSR in USA has drawn clear lines between political and business responsibility and raised skepticism towards CSR for being socially responsible (Korschun et al. 2014 ). New rules and regulation should be implemented in practicing CSR. In this essay the concept of CSR strategy and the different dimensions of this concept have been analyzed. How the strategy is affecting the modern business industries and the different types of use of the strategy are the major parts of the essay (Mousavi et al. 2013). The purpose of CSR is to improve the standard of the business with societys expectation. It reflects a good image of the company, providing competitive advantage and influencing decisions of the management to create sustainable environment (Lins et al. 2015). The business environment has become more competitive and to bring success in business it has to build relationship with stakeholders, communities, and suppliers. Therefore, maintaining these relationship focuses on people centric corporate strategy which identifies the need of corporate social responsibility (Rossouw and Van 2013).The management seeks to achieve optimal balance by giving response to diverse group of people those are impacted by its decisions and those have a stake in the business. While explaining CSR each enterprise responses to CSR in its own way which is dependent on the core competency and the interest of shareholders (Kitzmueller and Shimshack 2012). Hence social responsibility is a vision that symbolizes i ts relationship with the business and society. It is considered as investment which is a continuous process and need continuous improvement. It is linked with profitability in terms of improving the community where the company operates the business, ensure fair wages, pay taxes, it invests in services (Kilkenny 2014). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that corporate social responsibilities are one of the main aspect of business development and business organizations need to develop their CSR in such a manner to benefit its stakeholders and community by large. The principles of business ethics and morality of doing business must be the guiding principle for an organizations CSR. In spite of, its importance in business development and long-term benefits, many organizations view CSR as a necessary evil and have adopted superficial policies to comply with the legislative requirements of business. However, those organizations who have adopted CSR in its true spirit enjoys greater trust from the community. The business organizations are focusing in this area for improving the brand image, internal business structure in order to get the sustainable competitive advantages. In this area, the employee benefits, customer loyalty, shareholder engagements are the important factors of the business strategy for practicing the corporate social responsibilities. Both the social and environmental development are important for achieving the desired level of success in the business operations. It is the responsibility of the business organizations to contribute in the development of a better, healthier and cleaner environment and society. In this concern, the core business activities should be properly aligned with the goals of the CSR. It has been found that the business organizations with good CSR practices perform better and achieving success in long term growth. After analysing all the concerns of the CSR strategies and practices, it can be said that the CSR practices have become must for the business organizations. References Aguinis, H. and Glavas, A., 2012. What we know and dont know about corporate social responsibility a review and research agenda.Journal of management,38(4), pp.932-968. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-Economic Review,10(1), pp.3-28. Carroll, A.B., 2015. Corporate social responsibility.Organizational Dynamics,44, pp.87-96. Cavico, F.J., 2013.Corporate Social Responsibility. ILEAD Academy. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), pp.1-23. Clapp, J. and Rowlands, I.H., 2014. Corporate social responsibility.Essential Concepts of Global Environmental Governance, p.42. Council, E.B. and Gayton, R., 2012. Corporate social responsibility. DesJardins, J.R. and McCall, J.J., 2014.Contemporary issues in business ethics. Cengage Learning. Kilkenny, S., 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility.Network Journal,21(3), p.24. Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Swain, S.D., 2014. Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees.Journal of Marketing,78(3), pp.20-37. Lins, K.V., Servaes, H. and Tamayo, A., 2015. Social Capital, Trust, and Firm Performance: The Value of Corporate Social Responsibility during the Financial Crisis.European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI)-Finance Working Paper, (446). Mirvis, P.H., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility.The Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management: Short Entries, pp.153-159. Mousavi, Z., Beiranvand, F., Moeinfar, Z. and Amouzesh, N., 2013. Corporate Social Responsibility.Life Sci J,10(6s), pp.8-10. Ofodile, U.E., Altschuller, S.A., Dolize, A. and Fessler, M., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility.The International Lawyer, pp.181-197. Pedersen, E.R.G. ed., 2015.Corporate social responsibility. Sage. Preuss, L., 2013. Corporate social responsibility. InEncyclopedia of corporate social responsibility(pp. 579-587). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Ragas, M.W. and Culp, R., 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility. InBusiness Essentials for Strategic Communicators(pp. 109-122). Palgrave Macmillan US. Rossouw, D. and Van Vuuren, L., 2013.Business ethics. Oxford University Press. Schneider, A. and Schmidpeter, R., 2012. Corporate social responsibility.Verantwortliche Unternehmensfhrung in der Praxis, Berlin ua. Servaes, H. and Tamayo, A., 2013. The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness.Management Science,59(5), pp.1045-1061. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

A Tale Of Two Cities - Character Analysis Essays -

A Tale of Two Cities - Character Analysis In the 16th century Charles Dickens wrote the unforgettable novel A Tale of Two Cities. In it he created two of the most remarkable fictional characters of all time. One is the bloodthirsty Madame Defarge, and the other is the selfless Sydney Carton. Madame Defarge is a peasant who seeks revenge on all aristocrats who cross her path. In contrast, Sydney Carton is a man who is willing to do anything for the love of his life. While the actions of these two characters clearly delineate their differences, the underlying forces that drive each character are quite similar. From Madame Defarges actions, it is clear that she is the evil antagonist in the novel. Even in the manner that she is physically described, she is presented as dark and therefore she is seen as evil. She is as evil as she is because when she was younger the DEvremonde brothers killed her whole family. Now the purpose of her life is to procure revenge on the DEvremonde family and every other aristocrat. Even when told by her beloved husband she has gone to far, she does not stop. Instead her repartee to him was, Tell the wind and fire where to stop; not me. In it she evidently expresses how she will never forget what was done to her family and how the DEvermondes are deserving of what they will receive. The actions she performs in her daily life demonstrate her evilness. In the novel it seems as though she is the bad guy who is starting up all the trouble. It is her need for revenge, in the book, that starts the revolution. While Dickens presents Sydney Carton as a worthless drunk, in contrast to Madame Defarge, he is the Christ-like noble figure of the novel. He appears to the readers of A Tale of Two Cities as a worthless drunk and a man who has not acquired any high social position in his life. Also, it seems as though his life has resulted to nothing. At one point he says, I care for no man on earth, and no man on earth cares for me, but that changes when he meets Lucie Manette. He develops an undying juvenile-like love for her. Sydney is willing to do anything for her and tells her so in a beautiful speech he made to her. In it he states, Think now and then that there is a man who would give up his life, to keep a life you love beside you. Although she does not marry him, he continues to love her until the day he dies. While anticipating if he should give up his life for her love Charles, he demonstrates his selflessness by saying, Let the Doctor play the winning game; I will play the losing one. W hat Sydney is losing is his life and that is in order for Doctor Manette to remain with his son in law and for Lucie, her husband. Both men love Lucie and they know she will not be the same without her husband, so Sydney offers his life to keep a life Lucie loves beside her. While the actions of these two characters symbolize good versus evil, the driving forces that drive both Madame Defarge and Sydney Carton ironically are very similar. Both Defarge and Carton live their lives passionately. Madame Defarge passionately devotes her live to seeking revenge. She constantly knits a list of those she wishes dead in order to fulfill that wish. She even attempts to ruin the lives of people not on her list in order to ruin the lives of those on her list. Sydney Carton is so passionately in love with Lucie Manette and not willing to give up. He states, It is a far, far better thing that I do, that I have ever done; it is a Far, far better rest than I have ever known. He is speaking of how is life has resulted to nothing so what he will now do it better than anything he has ever done before. Also, everything he does his for his love, who he loves so passionately. Along with that, in his speech

GDP Alleged Failure to Measure Standard of Living Essay Example

GDP Alleged Failure to Measure Standard of Living Essay Example GDP Alleged Failure to Measure Standard of Living Essay GDP Alleged Failure to Measure Standard of Living Essay There are many readings of mensurating the GDP that determines if the criterion of life can be analyze to reflect either negative or positive growing. The unfavorable judgment on existent measuring for accurate analysis of GDP is a ambitious facet due to the many beds of placing the chief criteria’s ( Baumohl. 2007 ) . The Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) does non really take into history bartering and the black market. This facet can do one of the chief grounds for trouble to guaranting the measuring required in the concluding analysis. The history for bartering illustrates one out of many facets that produces challenges for economic experts every bit good as the modern individual to find what existent province the economic system is in at a given clip ( Duffy. 1993 ) . The measurings of the GDP foster the outwardnesss such as a detrimental consequence to the environment that produces fluctuations in the overall decision of gross domestic merchandise matrix. The outwardnesss are elements that come about at different times during the given clip period of focal point and analysis. These elements are triggered by other universe markets to inculcate the supply and demand – that in bend will show either true or false premises ( Mankiw. 2006 ) . Therefore. the degree of outwardnesss can make a detrimental result to the finding of the GDP matrix within a given state. There are besides attributes for finding the effects of the GDP that excludes volunteering and domestic work. in which limits the concluding appraisal to mensurating its relation to the criterion of life. : Therefore. the make-up for elements inclusion or exclusions is cardinal to set uping the linkage to do and effectual of how good the current criterion of life is standing. The measurings of the GDP provides an mentality to find which elements reference is either working together or against one another that can impact the concluding result. Economic Growth and How It Relates To Measuring GDP The economic growing is an index that outlines the addition in the economy’s ability to merchandise goods and services ( Dasgupta. 2007 ) . In this analysis. the measuring to find how such mention in criterion of life will happen. To entree the degree of such growing persons should be able to see some advantages to the turning economic system. The parametric quantities can be runing from new occupations available to existent estate addition gross revenues over a given clip period ( Steger. 2003 ) . Therefore. the excess economic growing should be bring forthing the higher revenue enhancement grosss warranted to show the growing. Furthermore. the higher revenue enhancement gross is proposed to be spent on public services that will inculcate stimulus into the economic system. The addition in the economic landscape will every bit good as addition the economic end product that can ensue in certain conditions in the undermentioned two elements: 1. More resources are used in the economic system. 2. Existing resources are used more expeditiously. There are barriers that come into drama that translates into alter the finding of GDP cause and consequence on the criterion of life. The growing in the economic system depends on the resources that associate with factors of production ( Lechner and Boli. 2007 ) . The factors of productions are four properties ; land. labour. capital. and enterprise influence of the fluctuations of the economic system to be measured consequently. Therefore. the economic system greatly depends on the well handiness of these factors in the market every bit good as the quality. If the factors of production Begin to move sulky or slacking. the growing can non make its possible. therefore. the known identifiers that can do low quality and unavailable elements are the undermentioned: a. Poor industrial substructure that relates to machinery in mills b. Poor proficient substructure that relates to communicating and main roads c. The deficient labour of supply d. Poor societal substructure that relates to infirmaries and schools e. Insufficient or a contaminated property/land There are at times that exports plays a critical function to finding the measurings to act upon the GDP – the exports markets inability to derive a important alteration due to the trade policies in other states. The international trade relation from states ever poses a great argument – that creates restriction in the economic growing within the specified county. Therefore. the states normally take an attack by barricading the imports of goods and services from other parts of the universe. in the attempt. to minimising the impact of contrary growing. In add-on. the effect of the changeless reconciliation of the exportation and importation of goods and services between states that poses a menace to growing. the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) was established to help in the sorting of the trading issues. The issues that present a hard appraisal to pull off the overall diminution or addition of growing. The intent of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) is the connecting of states for a feasible declaration to transfuse the formidable relationships between the boundary lines – that meets each states ends. The Dilemmas in Economic Growth The GDP measuring of economic growing offers a limited sum of decision to how it relates to the criterion of life matrix ( Sen and Hawthorn. 1989 ) . This is normally due to the elements non being as a concrete metric to set up a metre to how good criterion of life is in respects to persons. The families in the state criterion of life frequently points to the GDP current evaluation to find that in fact the ailments from families are warranted. nevertheless. the elements that creates fluctuations presents a limited position. Another quandary to the appraisal of how hard the GDP in mensurating economic properties – that consequence persons are due to the perceptual experience that unpaid voluntary work is non counted within the matrix. The unpaid voluntary plants that are non included provide a limited milepost that counteracts the aim when the measuring is be established. The result of the component of unpaid voluntary work creates consequences that is hard to get down the appraisal for a finding every bit good as cease point of mention. The unpaid voluntary work component besides contributes to the value of domestic work that correlates to the lovingness and child-rearing services. The services are similar that offers a limited trigger to impact the GDP mentality for effectual measurement to making a peculiar point of mention. Therefore. the economic activity corsets on the mentality of trouble for outline the benefits or reverses of elements that poses a important value in the overall market. The benefits are the ability to efficaciously derive appraisal of the positives in the economic system to let growing or a disagreement of such proposed growing – that in the long draw can be a deficient. In add-on. the gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) initial measuring that measures the national income and end product of a given country’s economic system to successful provide penetration to gross domestic income ( GDI ) . The appraisal of the GDP and the GDI creates a foundation of equilibrating the market value of all the entire services and goods that are produced in a state during a drawn-out clip construct. The construct is the entire amount of existent value that is added to each and every phase of the production that can at times accumulates to all concluding goods and services produced in a state ( Blunder. Preston. and Walker. 1994 ) . In add-on. the accretion of the concluding analysis is the dealingss to the money value within the state that fluctuate throughout the given twelvemonth. The frequently method to supply a snapshot of mensurating the gross domestic merchandise to find if the existent economic growing influence any affect to the criterion of life – the nucleus elements of exports and imports must be examined. The elements of exports and imports create alone stimulations that GDP and the GDI fluctuations that are at times hard to entree but can be reached with the designation of such factors. Therefore. the economic experts can find the common attack to measurement and the decision of the GDP is the existent outgo method hypothesis: 1. Consumption 2. Gross Investment 3. Government Spending 4. Exports 5. Imports The gross aim is showing a depreciation of existent capital stock that has non reduced significantly ; in add-on. the net investing is used alternatively for gross investing in the overall lists of elements will make a expression for net domestic merchandise. The investing in the equation of each component working at the same interval the ingestion can show an outgo on the concluding analysis of goods and services. These exports that are reduced from the existent imports portion of the equation of each antecedently listed elements creates the consequences of net exports. The elements of ingestion. gross investing. authorities disbursement. exports. and imports streamline from the ability for a concern to market efficaciously. in order to making a positive ingestion within the state to doing an impact ( Bedbury. 2003 ) . The economic experts are preferred to place the needful clarifying of general ingestion that breaks into two parts ; private ingestion. public sector disbursement. The two parts are influence by the corporate concern market that infuses their trade name individuality and trade name equity for significant development in the planetary market ( Adamson and Sorrell. 2007 ) . ( See Figure A ) .

Medical School Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medical School Essays - Essay Example I then decided to become a doctor and to concentrate on medical research. Moreover, I have learned to value my education more, and this premium is reflected in the numerous academic accolades and scholarships that I have received during the last four years of my education. My parents are Mexican immigrants; while poor, they have lofty ambitions for their children. Because of our financial constraints, I have learned to live up to the responsibility of supporting them financially. I am able to provide my family with strength and inspiration because of my doggedness in obtaining a medical degree despite our poverty. They have also been edified by my example of struggling to learn the English language, and they too have taken courage to learn the language. I grew up in a neighborhood that was distinguished by poverty, with predominantly blue-collar workers. Because majority of residents were minimum wage earners, the neighborhood was characterized by crime and violence. I have been exposed to communities that lived in dire poverty, and I have witnessed their need for decent healthcare. This is also one of my motivators in pursuing a medical degree. This has developed in me compassion for the poor, and an authentic desire to help. My ethnic heritage has not hindered my social growth as a whole, but it had in the past affected my ambition to further my education financially. But my family’s difficult financial circumstances and my chance to witness poverty in the immediate community has given me all the more reason to work hard towards obtaining a medical degree. Perhaps, through my example, my family and my neighborhood will realize that poverty is not a reason for ignorance and for not going after your dreams. While it may be i ronic, I have taken inspiration from all these difficult circumstances that I grew up in. My

Inventory Management at Southern Toro Distributorship Essay

Inventory Management at Southern Toro Distributorship - Essay Example From the case, two topics can be derived. The first topic takes into account the specific problems affecting the distributorship and involves the development of an effective system for managing independent demand inventory. This focuses on analyzing how the distributorship determines the quantities of irrigation products it orders in keeping up with a demand that shifts erratically. The second topic that arises from the case is the vital aspect that is inventory management as a policy variable. Southern Toro is a distributorship and thus its profitability is heavily reliant on inventory management. In the event that Joe Jr. does assume control of the distributorship, a financial analysis of the company would become imperative. The exhibit TN-1 provides some of the common financial ratios for the fiscal years from 2007-2009 (Schroeder, Goldstein & Rungtunasatham, 2010). The ratios indicate that the distributorship has been increasing its net worth steadily over the years; however, the return on its invested capital has been low. The distributorship’s projected future financial outlook is also alarming. The exhibit TN-1 reveals that Toro is highly leveraged and a sharp increase occurred in 2009 (Schroeder, Goldstein & Rungtunasatham, 2010). This implies that any future financing will come at increased cost. The distributorship’s liquidity is also decreasing, which further implies that Toro would become forced to look for additional financing unless other steps become undertaken. The inventory turnover also indicates that the distributorship’s activity is also decreasing. The exhibit also reveals the distributorship’s Return on Assets- ROA is not high and has been declining steadily over the years. The ROA can become improved with better management (Jones & George, 2007). However, it may probably never hit the extreme highs.  It is upon Joe Jr. to decide if or not the ROA can be enough to satisfy his ambitions.  

Motivations of Counselling and Therapy Professions

Motivations of Counselling and Therapy Professions A friend in need is a pain indeed. With bumper stickers like that, it is hardly surprising that people might wonder about the counselling and therapy professions: Why would anyone in their right mind want to spend their working days listening to other peoples tales of woe, whether stranger, friend or foe? Is the desire borne of altruism, voyeurism, narcissism, masochism, egoism or some other ism? Could it be based in guilt, power, control, compassion, inferiority, a passion for puzzle solving, an urge to rescue or unmet intimacy needs? After all, the saying says you teach best what you most need to learn. Many therapists and counsellors may well be trying to work out their own stuff and that may even be useful if it is accepted that the person, self and psyche of the practitioner is an integral part of their working day. However, the so-called wounded healer must be extremely careful to ensure their own stuff does not get in the way of the job: To help their clients help themselves. This paper will review literature related to the reasons people select a career in counselling or therapy. While some authors group counselling and psychotherapy the so-called fifth profession others lump together social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists and/or psychoanalysts. For the purposes of brevity, this paper will use the word therapist to refer to counsellors and psychotherapists, as does apparently much of the literature. To limit the scope of the review, it does not include literature focused on specific fields or client groups, such as school counselling. As most in-depth research related to professional motivations was undertaken before the 1980s when the social and professional landscape was considerably different most of the material reviewed has been written in the past decade as much refers to the earlier sources anyway. The major work in the field a classic two-volume study on the career determinants of psychotherapists by Henry, Sims, and Spray is more than 30 years old. While some more recent books touch on the topic through the personal stories of working therapists, new research is surprisingly scant. Various studies and surveys show the most common reason given for studying counselling or therapy as the predictable I want to help people but that is just the tip of the iceberg. As Farber and Northcross (2005) point out, the decision is not as simple as that and involves many conscious and unconscious motives, a little bit of chance and the real reason may not even be fully known until late in a therapists career. Motivations seem rarely discussed in mental health journals or coursework and are more likely to arise in informal conversations or therapy sessions (Farber Northcross, 2005). The question as to why the profession seems so uninterested in its own motivations would, in itself, be worthy of exploration. Sussman, through his 2007 book, and Barnett, in her journal article the same year, provide more recent insights into the unconscious motivations of those who choose to train and work as therapists. Sussman contends that the decision to become a psychotherapist involves multiple factors, some healthy and others neurotic (or psychotic), with motives and personality patterns deeply rooted in the therapists developmental past and the dynamics of the family of origin (Sussman, 2007). Barnetts study of therapists unconscious motivations for their choice of profession arose from her observation of the recent substantial increase in the number of counselling courses on offer and the number of people wishing to become counsellors and psychotherapists. In her interviews with nine experienced psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapists about their professional and personal histories, Barnett noted two major themes of early loss and narcissistic needs, emphasising the need for personal therapy for safe and effective practice. Farber, Manevich, Metzger Saypol (2005) took a two-pronged approach to the question, Why do people become psychotherapists?, by looking both at common elements and specific factors. Interestingly, the approach is similar to efforts in identifying the factors effecting psychotherapeutic change (Imel Wampold, 2008). Several distinct themes recur throughout the literature but most authors seem to agree that no single factor is responsible for a persons motivation to become a therapist. Just as the nurture or nature debate is inconclusive, so too may be the question of professional motivation. On the whole, two broad factors seem to draw therapists to the profession: Personal needs, whether conscious or unconscious; and the possession of attributes or talents lending themselves to the therapeutic role. Themes While a therapists personality naturally influences theoretical orientation and techniques, the emphasis on therapist variables in outcome research does not help explain what initially attracts people to the profession. A common theme in the literature is that of cultural or social marginalisation, the external counterpart of inner feelings of alienation and difference which may lead to concern with others and where we fit in society the concept of the wounded healer. Many writers mostly therapists contend that painful, early childhood experiences lead to a heightened awareness of distress in self and others, predisposing career choice. Considering the number of people who might have painful early experiences, the theory does not explain why only a small proportion of them choose to become therapists. Becoming a writer, or creative artist in any field, is perhaps as likely a response to early childhood pain as becoming a therapist. Psychological-mindedness an interest in why people think, feel and behave the way they do whether genetic or arising from childhood experiences, may be another core component in the would-be therapists make-up. Psychoanalytically, a wish to understand is in essence a wish to control ones experience or to avoid pain. Apart from thinking style and experiences, some therapists are no doubt drawn to the field by the promise of career satisfaction through personal and professional rewards. Other motivations might include a desire to understand or help people, enhanced sense of identity, self-growth, intellectual stimulation, autonomy and independence, freedom, making a difference, controlled intimacy, self-expression and authenticity. These motivations are likely to vary between private practice and the modern managed care environment (short-term, evidence based, red tape-ridden and lower paid favouring CBT, medication and the medical model). Many therapists hope to become an ascendant agent in intimate relationships without some of the risks for hurt and disappointment that we experienced in our earlier attempts at love and friendship, particularly within our own families (Goldberg, 1986, as cited in Farber et al., 2005). The need to help and understand self through the suffering of others may be a less conscious need. A career as a therapist might attract people who feel frightened and impotent, giving them a chance to control and influence their clients lives (Bugental, 1964, as cited in Farber et al., 2005). The parentified child, a role reversal where the child sacrifices his or her own needs for a parent and/or sibling, might also be a would-be therapist. Maeder (1989) asserted that therapists, as children, were often in the role of caretaker and confidante and chose their profession to fill their own emotional void. They were lured, knowingly or unknowingly, by the position of authority, by the dependence of others, by the image of benevolence, by the promise of adulation, or by a hope of vicariously helping themselves through helping others (Maeder, 1989, as cited in Farber et al., 2005). Sussman, through interviews with 14 therapists, found that therapists unconscious motivations reflected psychological needs related to sex and aggression, being affirmed by others, and feeling intimately connected. For example, a therapists needs for sexual gratification could be indirect (voyeuristic interest in patients sex lives) or, more rarely, direct (sexual relations with clients). Sussman posited that a career as an altruistic healer could be a defence against unpalatable aggressive instincts. A sadistic aspect of the profession was that, in often focusing on patients weaknesses, the therapist shatters their illusions and sense of grandiosity (2007). Ghent goes as far as to suggest that therapists are masochists: What other occupation has built into it the frustration of feeling helpless, stupid, and lost as a necessary part of the work? (1999). Sussman (2007) also suggests the existence of an element of narcissism among therapists who might benefit as much as their clients from the safety of a structured, boundaried holding environment on a regular basis (in fact, he devotes an entire chapter to therapist narcissism in his book based on a comprehensive survey of motivations, an extensive review of the literature and discussion of the results of his qualitative study of therapists). Narcissism featured strongly in another qualitative study involving talking with 11 experienced therapists (Barnett, 2007). Nine made reference to experiences of early loss and deprivation and eight to narcissistic needs. Alice Miller, in The Drama of the Gifted Child, proposed that future therapists often had narcissistic mothers and learnt to tune into others to stay connected (Miller, 1995). Of course, narcissistic personalities may adopt many careers other than therapy creative writers may also strongly tend to narcissism. Wheeler too warns of narcissistic therapists using patients as self objects who potentially massage egos with their adoration and appreciation, or support the therapists self-esteem with their dependence and vulnerability and they gaze into the pool of the clients eyes to see themselves (Wheeler, 2002). The therapeutic relationship is unusually demanding and involves being tested emotionally, intellectually and even practically and physically. Training and personal therapy can help with tolerance and understanding but the therapist needs the emotional capacity at the start. If the calling to this work is fuelled by the wounded healer hypothesis, the key question must be how psychopathology can be used to serve, not exploit, the client. Wheeler posits, if somewhat obviously, that the students desire to work with a particular client group might come from unresolved conflicts and represent a projection of the wounded parts of self. Interestingly, she questions whether the practice of ma tching like with like for example, pairing therapists who have been abused with other abuse survivors should be encouraged. Along with the possibility of greater resonance and empathy lies the opposite over-identification, projection, collusion, merger, denial or abuse. Perhaps trainees should be steered away from working with client groups with whom they have shared experiences to see whether they can genuinely enter the world of the other and whether there is a capacity for tolerating difference when there is less potential for self gain (Wheeler, 2002). However, surely the training of therapists should tell neophyte therapists before they start work with real clients whether they have the capacity to enter the world of another and tolerate difference without self gain. In their ground-breaking 15-year international study, Orlinsky and Ronnestad (2005) focused broadly on the formative experiences, practices, and development of psychotherapists at all career levels through a series of systematic, controlled, clinically and theoretically informed analyses. In response to a question asking To what extent do you feel that your development as a therapist has been influenced by the motivation to explore and resolve your personal problems? about the relationship of personal problems to career choice, nearly half (48%) of 3577 respondents answered much or very much and only 16% said not at all or slightly (Orlinsky Ronnestad, 2005). Work by Skovholt, Jennings, and Mullenbach identified several themes in the life of 10 master therapists they studied, including the presence of significant but not overwhelming stress in their early years (Skovholt et al., 2004, cited in Farber et al., 2005). Another theme in the literature is the role of intellectual curiosity, an early interest in reading and the humanities, and a teacher or mentor in the therapists career choice (Farber et al., 2005). Still, all these factors are common to any form of creative endeavour as an adult creative, intelligent children are typically curious, read voraciously, are good observers, and seek a mentor or trusted person who will not only teach them but be an audience for their thoughts and discoveries. Psychologists Murphy and Halgin (1995) compared a group of 56 psychotherapists with 53 social psychologists for their study into the influences on career choice. They found that clinical psychologists were more likely than social psychologists to have been influenced in their career selections by distress during their life, desires to resolve personal problems, and opportunities for career achievement and advancement. Most respondents did not view problematic histories as central to their choice of career, and the magnitude of difference between the two groups of professionals was small. The finding is perhaps not surprising considering the scientific nature of psychology where objective data and evidence-based methodologies might hold more weight than the self of the practitioner. In a qualitative study of social workers practising as counsellors and psychotherapists, Lewis (2004) found that gender and class had a strong influence on the career choices made by men and women in social work. Women in the sample had pursued career directions with a strong clinical focus combined with roles such as management, supervision and training and were more likely to express the need to balance their working lives with the needs of their families. Men were more likely to pursue careers in management and express feelings of responsibility to provide for their families once children were born. The analysis of data also found that men were more likely to identify their family origins as working class, while women identify their backgrounds as middle class. Zagier Roberts (1994) maintains that many of the conscious choices made by helping professionals are based on idealism. However, ideals are rooted in the unconscious and can contribute to primitive defenses, such as her example of psychoanalysts who deeply need to believe in their costly and time-consuming approach to continue the work necessary to meet their own unconscious needs. People with similar needs are often drawn to a certain setting to work through their own unresolved issues and this can stir up collective defences (Bion, 1961, cited in Zagier Roberts, 1994). Professional idealism and group identity can blind practitioners to the weaknesses of a particular therapeutic approach while failure in their work can trigger guilt and anxiety, prompting primitive defences to maintain self-esteem. As the person of the therapist is a tool in the work, perhaps workers hope that they have enough goodness to heal others. Healthy boundaries are necessary to ensure optimal distance between client and helper. Rigid boundaries and labelling clients as crazy or unfortunate and the helpers as the sane experts is not useful. The so-called charity model does not honour those who it seeks to help if the lines between sympathy and empathy become blurred. At the other extreme, professional helpers might feel guilty for being more educated or wealthy than their clients and may unconsciously try to lessen those differences through over-identification, leading to despair and burn-out. The need for clear client-therapist boundaries and realistic task definition is essential (Zagier Roberts, 1994). Personal therapy is another factor that seems to influence therapists career choice to varying extents. Having experienced the transformational effect of therapy may well lead to a desire to share the magic with others. Using personal experience to help another while continue healing ones self is a powerful motivator for many (Sussman, 2007). Controversies and debates The wounded healer notion seems to be one of the most common themes but does not explain why everyone damaged as a child does not become a therapist or why some therapists do not have a history of childhood pain. Farber and colleagues point out that adopted children are more likely to choose a career similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents (Farber et al., 2005). The authors seem to think that the most essential of all factors contributing to therapy as a career choice is psychological-mindedness, which may be partly innate but increased through personal therapy and distress. They contend that high psychological-mindedness generally leads to a quest for greater understanding of self and others and ultimately the need to help others in a way that feels personally satisfying (Farber et al., 2005). However, as they point out, that does not explain why some therapists are more research oriented. One would not inherit psychological mindedness but, rather, a genetic trait of the order of introversion which would then evolve into, and be shaped into, what would be called psychological mindedness. Another way of understanding would-be therapists desire to help is through social learning theory that they have been differentially reinforced for certain activities, including listening to and emotionally supporting others. Perhaps it is not a matter of how much pain potential therapists experienced in childhood but how they perceive or construct those experiences. Rather than minimising, repressing or suppressing the experiences, they try to find meaning and make sense of them. Childhood, family, society and culture contribute to everyones choice of profession, not just therapists. The idea of the wounded healer makes sense that the therapist is psychologically curious as a result of his or her own personal suffering and conflicts, providing an awareness and sensitivity to understand and help others. Perhaps the question is not so much about whether or not therapists were wounded as children but whether they have begun healing their own wounds so they do not infect their clients or at least know they are wounded and are willing to consider the impact of this one their work with clients. Kottler (2004) is brutally honest about the realities, as he sees them, of being a therapist and asserts that most practitioners understand that they risk their own mental health through working so closely with people who are emotionally disturbed, in pain or in crisis. He wonders how therapists cannot but be polluted to some extent by the suffering of others and whether Freuds notion of detachment was more about protecting the practitioner than the client. Kottlers long list of negatives includes a sense of responsibility, repetition, boredom, feelings of inadequacy, isolation, brain strain, stress from systems and re-opening of ones own wounds. He cites the fact that even person-centred pioneer Carl Rogers nearly had a breakdown after being stalked by a deeply disturbed client, although other factors might also have contributed to Rogers vulnerability at the time. Yalom (2001) clearly regards therapy as a calling rather than a profession, valuing interpersonal skills, sensitivity, awareness, warmth and humour. He too is a realist sharing actual stories from his own practice and his writings inspire trainees. Yalom operates from an existential and interpersonal frame of reference, advocates a pluralistic approach and draws on a variety of theoretical models. He quotes Erik Erikson as describing the post-narcissism late-life stage as generativity, when people begin to focus less on self and want to pass on their wisdom to the next generation. Perhaps that could be a motivation for older students enrolling in counselling and therapy courses. It might be too that therapists real reasons for choosing to work in the field can be better understood with hindsight and professional maturity. Yalom writes simply and to the point in snack-sized chapters about balancing the magic, mystery, and authority that come with the job of freeing clients of their reliance on therapy. Sussman (2007) too provides inspiration to newcomers to this curious calling and both his work and Yaloms would do well as required reading in training for supervisors and students. Evaluation Limitations in much of the research to date is that findings are based on small sample groups (fewer than 15) for unstructured interview data and that comparison groups are rarely used to compare therapists motivations with other professionals. With the exception of studies by Elliott and Guy (1993) and Fussell and Bonney (1990), investigators have not used comparison groups to distinguish therapists experiences from those of other professions, such as teaching, nursing or accounting. As stated in the introduction, much of the data on therapists motivations was collected several decades ago when the profession was dominated by male Jewish psychoanalysts. It should also be acknowledged that personal motives are difficult to investigate, especially if not well understood by the therapist responding to a survey question or interview. Todays therapeutic landscape is vastly different with more female practitioners and a growing reliance on brief, solution-focused and cognitive modalities. More new studies are needed to determine whether the career motivations of therapists now aged over 50 differ significantly from those of younger therapists. Research on whether therapist career motivations vary with age, theoretical orientation or gender identity remains to be done. Conclusions So, what makes a counsellor or psychotherapist? Clearly, the question is as complex as the individuals themselves. It is likely that the answer cannot be found in a single gene, experience, mentor, book, film, event or training course. Most probably, the motivation is drawn from a mix of ingredients in varying measures including sensitivity, early distress in self and others, an interest in emotion and behavior, personal therapy, being a confidante and having an influential mentor. It should also be stressed that unconscious, dysfunctional motives for becoming a therapist, such as a need for power or recognition, can coexist with altruistic and caring motives. However, a motivation driven by personal needs, whether conscious or unconscious, carries a risk of harmful or poorly directed practice. Thorough interviews of prospective trainees, supervision focused on the self of the therapist as well as case management, ongoing or intermittent personal therapy, peer support and professional development are critical mechanisms to minimise the risk that motivations associated with personal needs do not impact on clients adversely. Without awareness of their own shadows and blind spots, practitioners risk using clients to fulfil their own unmet needs. Whether wounded or not, anyone considering a career in the field should illuminate their own hidden motivations before trying to enlighten others. Personal therapy and self-monitoring, whether through individual or group therapy, should be a mandatory requirement in training and for membership of all professional associations. Although the jury is still out on whether personal therapy improves client outcomes it should be stressed that nobody, even therapists with decades of experience, ever finishes his or her own work it is a lifelong process. Regardless of motivation, aspiring counsellors and therapists cannot be expected to be healed when they start their training course but must at least be open to change and feedback through the process if they are to help others. Periodically re-examining motivations for working in the field might be a useful exercise during times of uncertainty, fatigue and disillusionment. For example, therapists who enter the field primarily for intellectual and creative stimulation might burn out more quickly working in a managed-care CBT environment than someone with the freedom of private practice. Perhaps it would motivate therapists to attend more professional development events, join a peer network, or explore new theoretical models or client groups. Re-visiting the motivations for entering such a challenging profession could serve to revitalise, rejuvenate, renew, refresh and remind practitioners of the unique and meaningful benefits of this privileged work. As Norcross and Guy (2007) discovered in their interviews with master therapists, refocusing on the rewards of practising psychotherapy enabled many to reduce their work-related distress: Much like reminding yourself of why you fell in love with your partner, such reflection on your role as a psychotherapist can refresh our sense of calling (p. 20). So, what brings you here today?

Attending a Lecture on Brown vs. Board of Education by Julian Bond :: Lectures Julian Bond Race Segregation

Broken Promise of Brown I attended a lecture entitled the Broken Promise of Brown which was given by Julian Bond. This took place at Smith Memorial Hall on April 2 at 7:30 p.m. As I entered the building and made my way to the main entrance of the auditorium, I noticed that this CAS/MillerComm lecture was more formal than the usual CAS/MillerComm lectures. CAS/MillerComm was the sponsor of this event and also sponsors an entire lecture series free to the public. As I entered the auditorium there were a cameraman and interviewer asking people as they walked in what they knew about the Brown vs. Board decision. Or at least that was one of the questions I overheard as I snuck past them in to the auditorium. As I walked down the aisle I wanted to try to get good a seat near the front. I made it all the way to the fourth row and asked some old white ladies if the seat on the end was taken. It was, but the fourth seat from the aisle was not. So I squeezed past them and sat down. At this time I opened my notebook and began taking notes on some of my observations. As I looked around, I noticed that most of the people at this particular lecture were black or white. And it seemed that there was a good mix of older students, middle aged people and older folks, all seemingly either black or white. Most of the older folks sat in the front, probably for sight reasons, and most of the older students sat in the back, probably just to attend the lecture and leave. As I was sitting waiting for the lecture to begin I looked at some of those around me. I sat on the left side of the auditorium in the fourth row, fourth seat. To my immediate right were two white old ladies and one white old man. To my left were an open seat and then sat three black men clad in black suits, most likely in their later twenties. In front of me, were three black women in what appeared to be their thirties, how accurate my gauge of age is I am not too sure, and also a younger black man.

BP’s Competitive Advantage

Though the product they are probably most famous for in the minds of consumers, gasoline, is thought of as homogeneous, the success of BP in the companies ability to grow and maintain its standing as a multinational energy superpower lies in its management of human capital. BP’s true competitive advantage is not in the commodities or services it sells, their success stems from the companies ability to manage a less easily duplicated resource: knowledge. Collaboration and knowledge management form the core of the BP value system. As expressed by BP in their own words, they aim â€Å"to engage the creative talents of our employees, and develop and apply leading, cost-effective technology and intellectual creativity to enhance innovation and new ideas† (BP, n. d. ). This paper will address this unique aspect of the BP business model, knowledge management, and how it translates into financial performance. Background BP is a global energy leader, the core components of their business are: oil and gas exploration and production, refining and marketing of petroleum supply products, manufacturing and marketing of chemicals, and the manufacture of Photovoltaic (solar) cells. They are currently in the top three internationally in gas reserves, and are the largest retailer of gas in the US, as well as one of the world’s largest marketers of aviation fuel (Corporate Watch, n. d. ). Founded by William Knox D’Arcy from a significant oil find in Iran, they have expanded through growth and merger, currently operating in over 100 countries, employing 97,600 people with 2007 revenues exceeding $284 billion (BP, n. d. ). Knowledge Management The challenge to an organization the size and scope of BP can often be capturing the wealth of knowledge created by their people, engaged in business, learning best practices, and sharing and storing that information between business units to maximize BP’s potential. BP’s methodology is â€Å"encompassed by a simple framework, which describes a learning cycle – before, during and after any event – which is supported by simple process tools† (Kotelnikov, n. d. ,  ¶ 1). The BP learning method is to treat every process as a closed learning loop; lessons learned from each experience are agreed upon and posted on the company intranet to capture knowledge and experience to be shared by all BP business units. Companies create vast amounts of valuable knowledge through practice of their employees, without a system in place to capture this knowledge; it will often leave with their employees. Further, in a large company like BP, the potential exists for it to operate not as a collaborative unit, but as â€Å"a collection of individual fiefdoms in the form of individual business units† (Quelch & Deshpande, 2004, p. 96). To foster this sense of collaborative behavior, BP created peer review and cross business unit interaction strategies (Quelch & Deshpande). An example of how this has positively impacted the companies profitability, recently due to knowledge sharing between business units of engineers, they achieved a cost savings of $74 million in 1998 to meet their collective goal of reducing retail site construction by 10% (SAIC, n. . ). As management of information systems flourished in the decade of the 1990’s, the success of BP’s competitive advantage in their commitment to managing knowledge will invariably lead to other organizations creating practices and infrastructure to support knowledge management in the future. Knowledge management creates competitive advantage by storing and sharing collective â€Å"on the job† learned experiences and distributing them to present and future generations of an organization that would otherwise be lost. BP has maintained their ability to grow and improve profitability through implementation of knowledge management strategy.

Learn the Many French Expressions Using Bien

The French word bien  means well or good and is used in many idioms that express several forms of speech, from nouns to verbs and exclamations. But bien by itself is usually an adverb. Learn how to say good and evil, real estate, well see, to do a good job, and more with these fun expressions using  bien. Remember not to confuse bien and its close sibling bon. Bon  and  bien  are often confused, because they have similar meanings and because both can function as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. Common French Expressions Using Bien Avoir la langue bien pendue – To be a facile talker; to have the gift of gab Bel et bien – Altogether; truly; really Bien au contraire – On the contrary; quite the opposite Bien dans sa peau – Comfortable in ones own skin / with oneself Bien entendu – Of course; obviously Le bien et le mal – Good and evil Le bien public – Public good Le bien dhumanità © – The good of humanity Les biens dun magasin – A stores goods Les biens immobiliers – Real estate Bien sà »r – Of course Bien sà »r que non – Of course not Dire du bien de – To speak well of Être bien mal – To be close to death Faire du bien à   quelquun – To do someone good Faire le bien – To do good On verra bien ! – Well see! Prendre la chose bien – To take something well Rendre le bien pour le mal – To return good for evil Sy prendre bien – To do a good job; handle something the right way