Evan Lalor. English 10. Mrs. Rb . 12 April 2017. Was Jeffrey

Evan Lalor English 10 Mrs. RB 12 April 2017 Was Jeffrey Dahmer Insane One of the most infamous serial killers of the 20th century was named Jeffrey Dahmer, whose horrific murders shocked the nation. In many ways people would think Jeffrey Dahmer was insane because he killed 17 people and tried to turn them into living zombies for his self pleasure. Jeffrey Dahmer had mental struggles starting at a young age and throughout his life, Some say he had a mental illness. (Jeffrey Dahmer |Crime Library| serial killers) Jeffrey Dahmer was born on May 21st 1960 in West Allis Wisconsin. His childhood life wasn’t the greatest. His parents said he was a normal kid until the age of 4, when he had surgery for a double hernia. This surgery seemed to†¦show more content†¦In total Jeffery Dahmer killed 17 people throughout his crime spree and was arrested 4 times . There were many people affected by the actions of Jeffrey Dahmer such as the victim s, family, and the community of Milwaukee. Total, there were 17 men in total that were killed. Jeffrey would go to gay bars and meet the men, take them home and then kill them. According to the article Crime Museum it stated, He first tried to attack a 13 year old boy but the boy got away and went to police. Dahmer was arrested and sentenced five years probation. According to the book Notorious Lives, just three weeks after graduating high school he had picked up a 18 year old hitchhiker named Steven Hicks in 1978 and brought him back to his parent ’s house and forced him to do sexual actions with him. Then after he struck him in the head with a dumbbell and killed him. Stevens friends and family had reported him missing after 6 days from his disappearance. Jeff didn t kill for another nine years. Steven Tuomi was the second victim, which he met at a bar and brought him home and then killed him. Dahmer however claims he has no memory of committing that crime. One of those victims was Anthony Sears, which Dahmer had killed him and kept his skull in a freezer where he kept other

Job Analysis Plan - 1703 Words

Career Development Plan Part I—Job Analysis and Selection Tina de Leeuw-Runk HRM/531 December 20, 2010 Danielle Lombard Sims Career Development Plan Part I—Job Analysis and Selection Introduction InterClean has just merged with EnviroTech and has taken on a new strategic direction. The company will provide full-service cleaning solutions for organizations in the health care industry and no longer sell only cleaning products. As a midlevel sales manager, I will need to select my sales team by developing a plan that will include the analysis methods used to create a job analysis, and a workforce planning system on sales development for the team. I will exploit internal†¦show more content†¦Three salespeople will report to the sales manager. Action Plan for Selection To have a successful workplace planning system, the action plan will outline the recruitment, selection, training, placement, promotion, development, and compensation of employees (Cascio, 2006). Ten employees are reviewed to join the new merged sales team. The salespeople from InterClean are experienced in selling products whereas the sales people from EnviroTech are experienced in providing full-service cleaning solutions. I will formulate a talent inventory for each employee and determine who already has the skills, abilities, and experience, and who will need additional training and development for the sales team. I am responsible for developing the compensation and benefits plan to reward their successes. I will determine the employees who may qualify for promotions or may want a transfer to another position. Identification of Sales Team Goals InterClean’s sales team must have established goals to accomplish the desired corporate strategies. The goals below will help InterClean grow and achieve the sales quotas and customer satisfaction: 1. 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Sustainability Challenges in the Gas and Oil Industry †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Challenges in the Gas and Oil Industry. Answer: Introduction The oil and gas industry owns a significant place among all the primary industries of the world. USA and Middle East countries are blessed with the natural resources of petroleum oil and gas industry. Oil and gas industry provides support to many industries such as pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry, fertilizers and plastics. Therefore, it can be said that the oil and gas industry is the backbone of innumerable industries. However, there are some problems related to the sustenance of environmental sustainability (Aeppli et al 2014). This is because due to the exploration process, production and consumption process sometimes threatens the ecosystem. The main reason behind this is when the particular oil and organization is not conscious about the environmental sustainable factor and always concerned about the profit of its own organization (Teich and Pemberton 2015). Now several unwelcomed incidents take place, which is harmful for the biodiversity. Thus, for this cause organi zation like The World Petroleum Council has been formed to look after the sustainable extraction, production and consumption of oil and natural gas and other sources of energy for the interests of human being only. Another important fact arises that sometimes some companies tries to grasp the resources as much as it can which leads to unequal distribution of natural resources. In that case corporate social responsibility and business ethics must be positively included in the planning and policies of a company which is necessary for the environmental sustenance and economic sustenance in the society. This report mainly contains an in detail analysis about the sustainability challenges in the oil and gas industry (Horn 2013). Various examples of Environment Disaster The oil and gas industry is highly significant among all the industries of the world and it has worldwide demand, but there are certain risks and hazards with the industry. The problem occurs with the drilling operation because this enables water pollution and responsible for production of air filth. The most ill effect due to this is the global warming, which causes flood, altering the temperature of a country and other environmental consequences. This can be prevented if the companies of the oil and gas industry take the necessary steps to reduce the risks such as oil spill (Fingas 2016). One oil spill incident occurred and the company responsible for it was Exxon Valdez. This shows that the company does not have any have any business ethics and social responsibility, which allowed such a disaster to occur (Post, Kwon and Tuteja 2016). Exxon Oil Spilling It can be said that Third Mate Gregory Cousins piloted the vessels of Exxon Valdez on March 24, 1989, but the Gregory Cousins do not have the permission to pilot it. The third mate could not pilot the vessel due to excessive workload. Hence, the third mate failed to maintain the Raytheon Collision Avoidance system and they collided with the Bligh reef for spilling the oil of its cargo by rupturing the hull. The Captain Hazelwood tried to make the tanker free from the reef but failed to do it (Wang et al. 2014). Moreover, he was not attentive during the whole process. The coastal guard said that he warned Hazelwood not to rock the ship because it would led further oil spill, which would make the situation worst (Ahmad et al. 2015). Later it was found that Captain Hazelwood had consumed alcohol for which he could not remain attentive during the critical situation. The consequence of the oil spill was immensely negative. The spill killed thousands of sea birds, sea otters and other wildlife covering the coastline with oil. The Prince William Sound was a nest of 200 species of birds, inclusive of trumpeters swan. It can be said that during the time of natural disaster there stayed the sea otter and killer whales in the Prince William Sound. Hence, it can be said that the incident mainly occurred due to the irresponsibility of the company. The company did not take seriously about the drilling process of oil, which took various marine lives and destroyed the ecosystem ultimately affecting the human-being. After the incident, Alaska pipeline reached at the spot to prevent or safeguard oil contamination (Brown and Bhushan 2016). They used emergency pump in order to suction oil in other vessels. However, the tragedy part that both Alaska and Exon did not have sufficient contamination boom and chemical dispersants, which would solve the process of oil spill. The skimmer boats dug out the oil out of the sea but it also needed nearby barges to empty it out which is also a lengthy process. The cleaning up of the oil from the sea sometimes leads to miscommunication between the person standing in the shore and in the crew mainly because of technical issues. Finally, private fish boats also tried to support the company by cleaning but because of bad weather and the other problems, the oil sick had spread to cover 2,600 miles of coastline and sea. Both Alaska and Exxon failed to deal with the crisis. The chairperson of Exon apologized for the oil spill and its failure in tackling the crisis but he did it after six days of the incident. Thus, it signified that he was not genuinely repented for the situation (Fingas and Brown 2014). Moreover, Exxon did not want to involve in the cleaning process but after several protests, the president of Exon said that they would start the process in the spring of 1990. Exon could not escape from the s ituation at all. The company had to bear the clean up expenses and also compensate by paying money to the federal ,state, and the local government (Vander et al.2016). The company had to pay $2.2 billion for all these issues. Various lawsuits were imposed on the company. The state of Alaska filed a lawsuit against the Exxon Company because of its failure to manage the oil spill. The state of Alaska and the federal government compromised with the Exxon company to make 10 payments in a year as a penalty for harms to natural resources, and the restoration and the substitution of the natural resources . The amount was $ 900 million and another $5 billion was given to commercial anglers, natives, business owners and native corporations who suffered due to this. Exxon also had to compensate of $50 million to the United States and $50 million to the state of Alaska. Exxon was a huge organization and it was sound in its financial matters. Its revenue generation was much sound for which the company could pay such penalties. However, the main loss was the lives of the marine lives that distorted the biodiversity (D'andrea and Reddy 2014). Finally, the main solution of this problem is that the Exxon organization did not follow any business ethics. It was not well acquainted with the aspects of corporate social responsibility. If they had followed such ethics then the chairperson of this Exxon organization did not have apologized after 6 days of the disaster and that too from New York and they would have been very much cautious about the capability and condition of the pilots of the drilling team (Osofsky et al. 2016). The supervisor of the company has not properly looked after the exploration process of the natural resources (Schulenberg et al. 2015) . After few years of the incident when the name of the Exxon shifted to ExxonMobil, it claimed that the area has totally recovered itself from the situation. But in reality it was not the truth because a study conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Services found that the toxins leaked from the Exxon Valdez oil abided at the beaches which severely hampered the sea life for more than two decades after the disaster (Dabbiru et al. 2015). Most of the oil has indurated into semi-solid beneath the underwater and still continued harm the lives of marine flora and fauna. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill BP is considered as s one of the leading company among the oil and gas industries. However, the companys reputation failed to its irresponsibility in properly implementing the business ethics. There were various discredits afflicted to this company. For example, there was a explosion occurred in the Texas Refinery explosion that killed 15 employees . At time the BP Company promised that it will strengthen the sustainable and safety approach of the company. After that the company changed its title to Beyond Petroleum (Cheong 2014). This change witnessed that that company is thinking about the sustainability of the environment along with the sustainability among the employees in the office environment. After this, the company concentrated on adopting certain strategies, changed certain norms, and spend huge amount of money for alternative energy resources. The company also accomplished certain steps needed for prevention of global warming. Unfortunately, the company was unable to retain its promises when BP rocked the oil rig from the oil reservoir in the Gulf of Mexico (Dubansky et al. 2014). The company contracted with the Transocean Ltd Company. The consequence was the explosion, which killed 11 employees. The burning rig sank after two days and the leaching of the damaged oil well permitted to flow huge quantity of oil in the Gulf of Mexico. The company tried to manage the situation by drilling other holes to relieve pressure from the damaged well, but this method also proved to be futile. It further deteriorated the condition and huge quantity of oil poured into the Gulf of Mexico daily wise (Dholakia et al.2015). This oil cleansed up the coasts of Louisiana, Texas, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida. Thus, it destroyed the livelihood of the anglers who relied on the Gulf for their earnings. It can be considered that there are various causes of explosions. One of the reason is BP did not follow the whole procedure o f examining the pipes to detect gas in the well. Other expert suggests that the last step in installing the pipe accelerated the scope of the explosion. This was because the installation meant cementing the steel pipe in the proper place but unfortunately the cement was unable to grasp the spill oil and finally the explosion occurred. Another factor was that the design of drilling the oil was very poor which was hugely responsible for the consequence (Hansel et al.2015) After the disaster the first thing, which happened, was that the CEO Tony Hayward resigned from its post. After this, the company gave a penalty of $ 36.5 billion for cleaning the gulf. The company was also charged against its environmental consequences and under the Clean Water Act and the amount of money were $18.7 billion and $5.5 billion respectively. It took almost three months to control the leaking of oil into the gulf. Thousands of marine lives died in the oily waters. Another ill consequence was that the water turned into black it was contaminated. People who earned livelihood surrounding this Gulf of Mexico lost their jobs. It can be said that by the period the leaching of the oil was stopped it can be said that more than 640 miles of shoreline several states were enveloped with oil. Scientists have said that this disaster had threatened to the coral reefs and other marine lives. BP also gave huge amount of money $20 billion to the stakeholders who relied on the marine live s for their livelihood. The other factor is that the safety of the health of the public (Gadhamshetty et al.2015). This is because many people consumed seafood and, as the sea is poisonous due to the leaking of the oil (Clancy et al. 2017). It can be considered that the oil and the chemicals have a huge bad effect on the quality of the seafood. Hence, it can be said that every company must be very strict with its responsibility towards its society and towards its employees (Sontag 2014). The planning and policies of the company must include the essential aspects of examining the pipes, taking extra precautionary methods to restrain any dangers and the most important thing is the ethical behaviour which always compels the manager or chairperson of the company to be very strict about the business ethics of the company (Grabowski and Roberts 2016). Fracking harmful or beneficial Fracking Technology is used to obtain natural gas located below the earths surface. It is a complex process and is done by pumping in sand, water and chemicals in shale rocks (Schirrmeister 2014). The technology garnered the attention of the world only recently after the authorities in US discovered a large scale gas reserve. The discovery has created ripples in the nation as the amount of gas in the reserve will surely provide the nation freedom to energy and huge employment opportunities for the people. There has been debate over whether Fracking is useful for the environment or is harmful to it. Research works undertaken by researchers claims that the mentioned technology is much more advanced and has a longer sustainability. Tests on the technology have shown significant gap in carbon emissions than traditional forms energy sources. Experts says that natural gas has much more health benefits than coal while the production of electricity (Mazur 2016). Natural gas releases much les s amount of harmful substances in the atmosphere in comparison to coal which is a big advantage. Another advantage of natural gas has been the emission of much less greenhouse gas which is a much needed way to tackle the depletion of the ozone layer. Fracking also does not affect the change in the quality of the water resources of a specific area. The levels of water bodies and those of the natural gas are located at different strata of the earth. The traditional technologies to drill natural gas were not reliable enough on the particular issue but the innovative technology ensures that no such disaster occurs. The above mentioned uses of Fracking shows only one side of the coin, the other side of the coin has some different answers altogether. The distribution of Natural Gas is uneven which makes it impossible for plants to discontinue coal as the source of energy. The opposers of Fracking challenge the theory of clean air quality by the supporters of the technology. They argue that no such research or survey has been undertaken to prove the air quality of the surrounding areas and the theory is just based on mere assumptions. One of the most important concerns surrounding Fracking technology is the fear of leakages that are quite common in areas where the technology is used to derive natural gas. The leakage releases methane which is one of the most dangerous greenhouse gases (Norris et al. 2014). Some studies on the technology has shown shocking results involving Fracking as extensive use of Hydraulics while digging the earth results in contamination of the surrounding water bodies (Sova cool 2014). This may lead to dangerous results as arsenic and other harmful chemicals may get mixed up with the tap water that the people use for different needs. In worst cases the water turns flammable and in turn lead to explosions. The organizations that are involved in using the technology use unethical methods to garner profit and never disclose the chemicals that are used in the process. The contamination results in long term health problems like low vision, kidney ailments and many more health complications. A report by one of the leading newspapers of Ohio claims that the mentioned technology has been the main cause behind the rapid decline of water levels in the state as a bulk amount of water is needed to operate the total process. Last but not the least some experts claim that the frequent occurrence of earthquakes is only due to the terrible drilling activities which is gradually damaging the seismic structure of the ground below. The report clearly highlights the positive as well as the negative effects of the latest technology. It can be suggested that before the implementation of Fracking a thorough round up must be done to ensure the safety and sustainability of the whole process. Conclusion Finally, in the end it can be said that different environmental problems occur mainly due to the irresponsible steps taken by humankind only. It can be said that if the human being exploits the natural resources for its own benefit then the human being also have to face the consequences. However, the most important factor is that the persons who are in the elite class exploit the natural resources degrade the environmental situation and the consequences have to be faced by the common mass. The elite class mainly comprises of the business heads like the managers and the chairperson of the Exxon organization and BP. They have repeatedly proved that that their own motives and profits have ruined the lives of many people.These companies have implemented strategies only according to its own will and interests and the consequence was huge. The lack of responsibility and the inferiormanagement has taken the lives of huge number of marine lives. They are not only important for the maintainin g the ecological balance of the marine diversity but they are also significant for sustaining the ecosystem of the whole world. The companies spent a huge amount of money for compensations but they were not literally concern about the severe impact of their misconduct. Oil spilling into the sea has huge negative effects on the health of the human kind.The contamination of the water has severely harmed the marine lives for a long period. This also has a bad implication on the fishing industry, this is because the government and many other people earned huge amount of money based on the fishing industry.Many subsidiary businesses are also built based on this industry.Therefore, the oil spill incident and the fracking highly hamper the society in various ways.The companies also suffered largely because they lost their reputation due to their own work. Thus, the companies and the organization must leave the traditional strategic implementations and implement the strategies of Corporate Social Responsibility and business ethics. In order to save their own company from bad recognition and deterioration. References Aeppli, C., Nelson, R.K., Carmichael, C.A., Valentine, D.L. and Reddy, C.M., 2014, May. Biotic and abiotic oil degradation after the Deepwater Horizon disaster leads to formation of recalcitrant oxygenated hydrocarbons: new insights using GC GC. InInternational Oil Spill Conference Proceedings(Vol. 2014, No. 1, pp. 1087-1098). American Petroleum Institute. Ahmad, W.N.K.W., De Brito, M.P. and Tavasszy, L.A., 2015.The implications of energy transition on sustainable supply chainmanagement practices in the oil and gas industry.Journal of TechnologyManagement and Business,2(1). Brown, P.S. and Bhushan, B., 2016. Bioinspired materials for water supply and management: water collection, water purification and separation of water from oil.Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A,374(2073), p.20160135. Cheong, S.M., 2014. From hurricanes to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in coastal Louisiana: The impact of regulatory change. Clancy, S., Worrall, F., Davies, R. and Gluyas, J., 2017, April. The potential for spills and leaks of hydraulic fracturing related fluids on well sites and from road incidents. InEGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts(Vol. 19, p. 418). Dabbiru, L., Samiappan, S., Nobrega, R.A., Aanstoos, J.A., Younan, N.H. and Moorhead, R.J., 2015, July. Fusion of synthetic aperture radar and hyperspectral imagery to detect impacts of oil spill in Gulf of Mexico. InGeoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2015 IEEE International(pp. 1901-1904). IEEE. D'andrea, M.A. and Reddy, G.K., 2014. Crude oil spill exposure and human health risks.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,56(10), pp.1029-1041. Dholakia, U.M., Mittal, V., Han, K. and Dayal, A., 2015. Results from the Integrated Oil Gas Sector: The 2015 Strategy and Corporate Performance in the Energy Industry (SCOPE) Study. Dubansky, B., Whitehead, A., Rice, C.D. and Galvez, F., 2014. Response to Comment on Multi-Tissue Molecular, Genomic, and Developmental Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Resident Gulf Killifish (Fundulus grandis).Environmental science technology,48(13), pp.7679-7680. Fingas, M. and Brown, C., 2014. Review of oil spill remote sensing.Marine pollution bulletin,83(1), pp.9-23. Fingas, M., 2016.Oil spill science and technology. Gulf professional publishing. Gadhamshetty, V., Shrestha, N., Chilkoor, G. and Bathi, J.R., 2015. Emerging Environmental Impacts of Unconventional Oil Development in the Bakken Formation in the Williston Basin of Western North Dakota. InHydraulic Fracturing: Environmental Issues(pp. 151-180). American Chemical Society. Grabowski, M. and Roberts, K.H., 2016. Reliability seeking virtual organizations: Challenges for high reliability organizations and resilience engineering.Safety Science. Hansel, T.C., Osofsky, H.J., Osofsky, J.D. and Speier, A., 2015. Longer-term mental and behavioral health effects of the Deepwater Horizon Gulf oil spill.Journal of Marine Science and Engineering,3(4), pp.1260-1271. Mazur, A., (2016). How did the fracking controversy emerge in the period 2010-2012?.Public Understanding of Science,25(2), pp.207-222. Norris, J.Q., Turcotte, D.L. and Rundle, J.B., (2014), December. A Percolation Model for Fracking. InAGU Fall Meeting Abstracts(Vol. 1, p. 03). Osofsky, J.D., Osofsky, H.J., Weems, C.F., Hansel, T.C. and King, L.S., 2016. Effects of stress related to the gulf oil spill on child and adolescent mental health.Journal of pediatric psychology,41(1), pp.65-72. Post, E., Kwon, G. and Tuteja, A., 2016. OilWater Separation with Selective Wettability Membranes. InNon-wettable Surfaces(pp. 347-367). Schirrmeister, M., (2014). Controversial futuresdiscourse analysis on utilizing the fracking technology in Germany.European Journal of Futures Research,2(1), pp.1-9. Schulenberg, S.E., Smith, C.V., Drescher, C.F. and Buchanan, E.M., 2015. Assessment of Meaning in Adolescents Receiving Clinical Services in Mississippi Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: An Application of the Purpose in Life Test?Short Form (PIL?SF).Journal of clinical psychology. Sontag, D.E.B.O.R.A.H., 2014. Where oil and politics mix.The New York Times. Sovacool, B.K., (2014). Cornucopia or curse? Reviewing the costs and benefits of shale gas hydraulic fracturing (fracking).Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,37, pp.249-264 Teich, J.L. and Pemberton, M.R., 2015. Epidemiologic studies of behavioral health following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: limited impact or limited ability to measure?.The journal of behavioral health services research,42(1), pp.77-85. Vander Zanden, H.B., Bolten, A.B., Tucker, A.D., Hart, K.M., Lamont, M.M., Fujisaki, I., Reich, K.J., Addison, D.S., Mansfield, K.L., Phillips, K.F. and Pajuelo, M., 2016. Biomarkers reveal sea turtles remained in oiled areas following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.Ecological Applications,26(7), pp.2145-2155. Wang, Q., Chen, X., Jha, A.N. and Rogers, H., 2014. Natural gas from shale formationthe evolution, evidences and challenges of shale gas revolution in United States.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,30, pp.1-28. Wiseman, H., 2014. Evaluating and Enhancing the Capacity of the States to Govern Unconventional Oil and Gas Development Risks. Risks and Risk Governance in Shale Gas Development: Summary of Two Workshops. National Academy Press, Washington DC.

Rabindranath Tagore Essays - Brahmos, Tagore Family,

Rabindranath Tagore Biography from his early childhood onwards ?The steps that I heard in my childhoods play their music resounds in all the music of this world. 1 Rabindranath Tagore was born on the 7th May 1861. The Tagore?s of Calcutta were famous for their culture and independence. Rabindranath was the 14th child of his father Debendranath and mother Sarada Devi. Perhaps in no family would the 14th child be particularly welcome and much less so in a family, where all the elder brothers and sisters and their families live together in one joint household. His saint like father was distinguished for his pursuit of religious and spiritual truth. He was popularly known as Maharshi, meaning saint. In 1843 he converted to Brahmism. Influence of his father was abiding in the poets life. Rabindranath wrote in his life history about his childhood with a beautiful compliment. Rabindranath was a healthy and a fair baby, but perhaps not as fair as some of his elder brothers and sisters. His eldest sister Saudamini used to remark that, ? My Rabi may be dark and not so fair, but he will outshine all the others.?* Sarada Devi, was mistress of this huge household, but suffered always from chronic illness and so she was unable to give proper attention to young Rabindranath. Servants were used to look for him and he would remain confined to a room and gazed on the pond under the window, a large banyan tree, at the eastern bank near the wall and the coconut groove on the south. Years later, when he recalled his childhood, there was no trace of self ? pity, rather he congratulated himself having being spared the dangerous luxury of being patted and spoiled by parental solitude. Thou the family had reputation of aristocratic way of life, the children were brought up more or less in austerity. ? Our food had nothing to do with delicacies, we were not allowed to were socks or shoes till we had past our 10th year. In the cold weather a second cotton tunic was sufficed. It never entered our heads to consider ourselves ill ? off for that reason.?2 His earliest lesson began in the traditional way, with the Bengali ? Varnaparichaia ?, introduction to Bengali alphabet. The first nursery rhyme he learned sent a thrill of joy - ? Jal pore, pata nore ? ( ?The water falls, the leaf trembles? ). Even after the book was closed and kept aside, the phrase echoed and re-echoed in the child ? heart. To the young Rabindranath it was a first revelation of the magic of poetry and left a deep impression in his mind. He described it later ? I realized why rhyme is so needful in poetry ?3. In the early stages the children were thought privately at home, so was Rabindranath. The tutor in charge was Madobh Pandit. But when the child found that his elder brother and nephew were going to school in a carriage, he started crying for the same privilege. Madhobh Pandit gave him a smart slap and told him harshly, ? Now you are crying to go to school. But a day will come, when you will cry more bitterly to be out of it.? ?Never I have heard a prophecy more completely come through?, was the poets later days comment. The first school he admitted was known as the oriental seminary. What he learned there he was never able to recall But the ingenious method of punishment, practised into the children left a stunning impression on his mind and on his body. Later he went to a normal school. Only memories of this school, which he recalled later days, where the foul language of on of the teachers, which shocked the child. Although he did not get enough parents company and maternal care, his education was not neglected. He had to wake up early in the morning and practise wrestling with a professional wrestler. And then the teacher of Biology came. At seven in the morning came the mathematic teacher to teach him arithmetic, algebra and geometry, followed by lessons in Bengali and Sanskrit. And half past nine the servant served meal of rice, dal and curry fish. At ten he went to school. Back from school at 4:

A Guide to Buying Firewood at Reasonable Prices

A Guide to Buying Firewood at Reasonable Prices When it comes to fueling your fireplace or wood-burning stove, you can either purchase a rack or two of wood a time, cut it yourself, or buy it by the truckload. The problem with buying it a rack at a time is that its not cost-effective. The other option, cutting it yourself, is less expensive, but it takes a lot of time and effort. Which is why so many people who use fireplaces and wood-burning stoves as their primary source of heat choose to buy pre-cut wood in a large volume. By learning just a little bit about how to make the right purchase, you can save yourself money, time, and muscle pain- and stay cozy all winter. What the Law States Many states have enacted firewood transaction laws to ensure that consumers are getting the correct amount of wood for their money. Its important to understand how a seller might measure wood compared to the state standards of measurement before trying to evaluate how much the wood should cost per unit of measurement. Cords and fractions of a cord are the only two legal units of measurement accepted in most states. Any other unit term- pile, rick, rank, pickup load, etc.- is more of a regional or local preference and therefore can be prone to price-gouging. Understanding Measurements of Wood On average, a cord of wood as defined by most states is equal to the amount of cut and tightly stacked roundwood that can fit inside a container that measures four feet by four feet by eight feet or 128 cubic feet. Be aware that wood received in different lengths can mean you get a different amount of wood. For instance, a cord of wood split and tightly stacked in 16-foot lengths contains considerably more energy (less air space) than a cord of wood stacked and racked in eight-foot lengths. If the firewood is cut to fit a stove or fireplace and is split and tightly stacked, there is less room for air and more room for wood. If the wood is haphazardly piled, on the other hand, the air-to-wood volume ratio is increased and you have less energy per cord. You should, of course, insist on neat and tight stacking, but remember that every processing step adds to the cost of the wood. Also know that a truckload, while not a legal definition, is often the one most used by sellers. In these instances, a truckload can mean anything from a loaded light-weight short-bed pickup (which usually holds about a fifth of a cord) to a large pulpwood truck (which usually holds four cords). Tips for Getting Firewood at the Right Price There are a number of ways to mitigate price gouging and ensure that youre paying the right amount of money for the right amount of energy per unit of wood: Try to avoid buying firewood that is not sold in cords or fractions of a cord, since, again, these other measurements arent standardized and make it almost impossible to compare prices to the market value.In order to avoid wasted space, insist that the  wood is cut to burning length, split, and uniformly stacked in a pile. Although this may increase the cost of the wood for handling, it will ensure a better volume of energy estimation and will make stacking for storage that much easier.Because truckload measurements can vary so greatly, always determine the hauling capacity in cubic feet of any truck used to hold the wood youve ordered and ensure that the stacking is relatively tight and orderly. You can, and should, measure your or the sellers transport bed to determine its volume, which will then determine the cord or fraction-of-a-cord price you can expect to pay.You can determine this price by multiplying the bed length by the bed width by the bed height. Then divide that gross cubic feet volume by 128. Take that number, which will probably be a fraction, and then multiply it by the price per cord to get your woods value. For instance, say you plan to go to a wood lot and stack and haul your own truckload. Your truck bed measures two by four by eight feet. Multiply those numbers together and you get 64. Divide by 128 and you get .5, or the capacity to hold half a cord of wood. If the seller advertises $200 per cord, you should expect to pay $100 to stack and haul your truckload yourself. What Youll Pay Firewood costs are driven by location and availability, so prices for a cord of mixed hardwood can range from $50 to more than $100 a cord, depending on location. If you want to have the seller stack and deliver, know that the cost of transporting that wood to your front door will add more money to that price. Again, depending on the region, you can pay anywhere from $100 to $150 more for processing, transport, and handling.

Parentheses

Parentheses Parentheses Parentheses By Mark Nichol Parentheses serve several specific functions, but their general purpose is to set a grammatical unit of content off from the surrounding text. The parenthesized material can range from a single letter, numeral, or other symbol to an entire sentence. (Because enclosing more than one complete sentence in parentheses overextends the digression, it is not recommended.) Here is a summary of ways to deploy parentheses. First, a definition of terms: Parenthesis denotes a single parenthetical mark, but it can also refer to a digression, interlude, or interval enclosed in parentheses or other pairs of punctuation marks, such as commas, dashes, or brackets. The first of two parenthetical marks is an open parenthesis, and the second is a close parenthesis. The pair together are called parentheses. A parenthesis of an entire sentence can be inserted within another sentence, but omit a period after the parenthesized sentence (However, an exclamation point or question mark is acceptable!) to avoid confusion. (A complete sentence may also follow the terminal punctuation of the preceding sentence; in that case, include a period- or another terminal punctuation mark- immediately before the close parenthesis.) An incomplete sentence within parentheses is not punctuated with a period, but, again, an exclamation point or question mark is allowed. When providing an explanation or an example, the additional information can be enclosed in parentheses. Note in the following sentence how a parenthesis of a parenthesis should be formatted. (The abbreviations e.g. [â€Å"for example†] and i.e. [that is†] generally precede such information in formal and scholarly prose; in more casual contexts, the phrases are employed.) This is general American English style; British English style (and legal style and style for some other contexts) is parentheses within parentheses. Parentheses enclose the abbreviation of an acronym or initialism after the spelled-out name of an agency, company, or organization to inform the reader about how the entity will be identified on subsequent references: â€Å"The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in 1909.† (Note that the article the is not repeated in the parenthesis, but it should precede the initialism when it appears again.) Parentheses are used to enclose a note when a reader is directed to a cross-reference or when a writer glosses (presents a brief definition of) a term, provides a citation for a quotation or a fact or figure, points out that he or she has used italics to emphasize part of a quoted passage, or otherwise annotates a quotation. Note that the location of the parenthesis in the following sentence is awkward: â€Å"Consider whether a ‘risk expert’ should serve on the committee (i.e., someone with a background in risk management or oversight relevant to the nature of the organization’s operations).† Parenthesized annotation, just like additional information enclosed in a pair of commas or dashes, should immediately follow the relevant word or phrase, as here: â€Å"Consider whether a ‘risk expert’ (i.e., someone with a background in risk management or oversight relevant to the nature of the organization’s operations) should serve on the committee.† Back-to-back parenthesis is acceptable, but this can be avoided by combining two pieces of information into one parenthesis divided by a semicolon or by reorganizing the framing text to separate the two parenthetical comments. When the items in a run-in list (a list appearing within a sentence rather than formatted vertically) are numbered, they should be enclosed in a pair of parentheses (not with a close parenthesis only)- as in â€Å"The three types of rocks are (1) igneous, (2) metamorphic, and (3) sedimentary†- but numbering is seldom necessary. Use parentheses in moderation; excessive deployment of the symbols can give text a cluttered appearance (note their ubiquity in this post) and result in an obstacle-ridden narrative flow. Often, a pair of commas will suffice in their place, and dashes are appropriate when abruptly interjecting additional information, especially when the writer wants to give an impression of sudden interruption rather than unassuming interpolation. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureBroadcast vs Broadcasted as Past FormEpidemic vs. Pandemic vs. Endemic

Great Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Great Britain - Essay Example rnment has been one of the most complex and multifaceted political processes.1 This is so because throughout history there has been a struggle to shift power and accountability from the supreme king to the people who claimed to be the representatives of people. Britain is one of the very few countries that have been lucky enough to have not been invaded over the past thousand years. Due to this reason, Britain has no history of any revolution or constitution. As a consequence, there has never arisen any need for a written constitution or set of laws. The ultimate result is that the political system of Britain is not really logical or clean. However, the change in laws that has occurred throughout history has been gradual and often built on consensus. One of the major problems that the political system in Britain faces is the fact that the United Kingdom throughout political history has been divided into three parts. According to Hesperides, the three parts of United Kingdom, namely Scotland, Wales and the Northern Ireland have special statuses and have separate local administrations with a huge number of responsibilities.2 It is, however, ironic because England, the part of Great Britain that has the highest (or more precisely 84%) population, does not have a strong sense of regionalism. As a result, the United Kingdom is not very similar to the American system of government that rules over a total of fifty states. Although matters like defence and foreign affairs are some things that are under the direct control of the central British government, devolution of the Scottish, the Welsh and the Irish assembly have led to a greater desire among the people to strengthen the local government in the United Kingdom. This has led to an increased divide between the people who just wish to be representatives of a certain group of people. UK, as mentioned earlier, is a country that has not been invaded and conquered in any way for the last thousand years. The fact that

Chemical engineering course work in clean process technolgy Coursework

Chemical engineering course work in clean process technolgy - Coursework Example Nuclear energy provides a carbon free alternative to fossil fuel, but after the Fukushima disaster in 2011, the acceptance of nuclear plants has become very difficult. Most new generating plants will continue to be based on fossil fuels. A study by BP plc., titled â€Å"Energy Outlook 2035†, quoted by Mark Webster, shows that over the next 20 years CO2 emissions from the non-OECD region will grow as shown in Figure 1 (Webster). The chart shows that CO2 emissions from the OECD countries would level off at the levels prevailing in 2013 but the emissions from the non-OECD countries would rise rapidly. The red line marked IEA 450 is the target of 450 ppmv (parts per million volume) of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere that the International Energy Agency considers as the absolute upper limit to prevent a temperature rise exceeding 20C. This is considered the upper limit of temperature rise to prevent disastrous climate change (Webster). The vast majority of these new power plants will be coal fired since coal is the most abundant fossil fuel. A coal plant has an operating life of about 50 years and the need is for a technology that can be retrofitted to existing fossil fuel power plants to capture CO2 emissions from the flue gases before they are emitted into the atmosphere. Post-combustion chemical absorption technology is the most promising of the carbon capture technologies presently available. Carbon dioxide emissions also occur from many other industrial processes other than power generation. These include steel mills, cement plants and oil refineries. Post-combustion chemical absorption technology can be readily applied to these industries as well. The schematic diagram of the post-combustion chemical absorption process is as shown in Figure 2 from a presentation by Dr. Stanley Santos of the International Energy Agency. The flue gases

Stepmothers Sin Essay Example for Free

Stepmothers Sin Essay Professional experience Business manager (NOV 2009 JUL 2010) Unimark remedies ltd, Hyderabad, India * Promotion, marketing and sales of oncology drugs * Taking appointments from oncologists and visiting them in order to promote new products if any, discussions in order to increase the prescriptions for the company`s products * Visiting pharmacy retail and whole sale institutions in order to increase the availability of range of products. Visiting patient wards in various government medical institutions conducting surveys to help the company in public relation programmes * Studying the data describing new products to develop sales approach. * Compiled data on equipment and supplies preferred by customers. * Online report to the head office about the job done and about the competitor activities in the region. Medical representative (MAR 2009 – NOV 2009) Zen life sciences (oncology), Hyderabad, India. * Promotion, marketing and sales of oncology drugs Taking appointments from oncologists and visiting them in order to promote new products if any, discussions in order to increase the prescriptions for the company`s products * Visiting pharmacy retail and whole sale institutions in order to increase the availability of range of products. * Attending class room training and aptitude tests in order learn about new products to develop sales approach. * Giving samples to the customer. * Reporting to the manager about the job done. Medical representative (MAR 2008 – NOV 2008) Lupin pharmaceuticals. Bangalore, India. Promotion, marketing and sales of lupin femina drugs. * Taking appointments from gynaecologists, general physicians and visiting them in order to promote gynaecology drugs and over the counter drugs ( vitamin, calcium and other supplements ) * Visiting pharmacy retail and wholesale institutions in order to increase the ava ilability of range of products, taking orders, checking the storage conditions of the products in their premises. * Attending class room training and aptitude tests in order learn about new products to develop sales approach. Reporting to the manager about the job done. Honours * Registered pharmacist in Andhra Pradesh pharmacy council holding registration number: 060622/A1 * Awarded best trainee in 2009 by Zen life sciences (oncology) * Awarded best seminar and poster presentation on pharmaceutical marketing and administration in 2007. References * Miss Rubina khan , product manager Email: rubina. [emailprotected] com * Mr Rahul rao boinapally, regional manager, lupin pharmaceuticals. Email: [emailprotected] com * Mr Sasankha canuparthy Email :

Ligeia as a Triumph Over Patriarchy Essay -- Ligeia Essays

Ligeia as a Triumph Over Patriarchy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   From the time that "Ligeia" was written, critics have searched for meaning within Poe's story of a beautiful woman who died and returned in another's body. While all critics have moved in different directions, many have arguably found an allegorical meaning behind the tale. Because many literary theories depend on each other, contemporary critics tend not to limit themselves to any single theory. Many critics employ multiple theoretical perspectives at once so that a text can be best understood. Many critics have looked to Poe's relationship with women for understanding, combining biographical and feminist theory, while other critics use a variety of approaches, such as formalism and psychoanalysis, to develop their own understanding of what they believe to be an allegory. The collection of literary criticism surrounding "Ligeia" is insightful and comprehensive, and readers have the opportunity to examine interpretations from many different branches of literary theory. B y looking at how critics from five different fields of criticism approach "Ligeia," readers can see how contemporary critics can interpret from a variety of perspectives in order to acquire some deeper understanding of the work.    One of the most widely used applications of literary criticism is formalism or as it is often called, New Criticism. The formalist perspective treats each piece of literature as a self-sufficient work, placing all avenues for understanding in the text itself, ignoring the social and political contexts of the author and publication, the author's biography, and other works by the same author. Formalist critics believe that form and structure are essential to the effectiveness of th... ...Linda J. "'Ligeia': The Facts in the Case." Studies in Weird Fiction. 21 (1997): 10-16. Howard, Brad. "'The Conqueror Worm': Dramatizing Aesthetics in 'Ligeia'." Poe Studies. 21.2 (1988): 36-43. Johanyak, Debra. "Poesian Feminism: Triumph or Tragedy." College Language Association Journal. 39.1 (1995): 62-70. Jones, Daryl E. "Poe's Siren: Character and Meaning in 'Ligeia.'" Studies in Short Fiction. 20.1 (1983): 33-37. Kennedy, J. Gerald. "Poe, 'Ligeia,' and the Problem of Dying Women." New Essays on Poe's Major Tales. Ed. Kenneth Silverman. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993. 113-129. McEntee, Grace. "Remembering Ligeia." Studies in American Fiction. 20.1 (1992): 75-83. Poe, Edgar Allan. "Ligeia." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Shorter 4th ed. Ed. Baym, Nina, et al. New York: WW Norton & Company, 1995. 655-664.   

The Influence of Noam Chomsky in Child Language Acquisition

The influence of Noam Chomsky in child language acquisition Noam Chomsky dominated the world of linguistics like a colossus for decades after the late fifties. My main aim of this essay is to discuss his influence in the area of child language acquisition and inspect to see if his influence is waxing or waning. After that I will examine the reasons behind the increase or decrease of his influence. I will be relating back every so often to nativism and the great ‘nature vs. nurture’ debate since Chomsky’s reputation significantly depends on it. Avram Noam Chomsky was born in 1928 and is, as reported by the online Encyclopaedia , â€Å"an Institute Professor Emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and also is the creator of the Chomsky hierarchy, a classification of formal languages. † Apart from his linguistic work, Chomsky is also famous for his political views. Although, the field of children's language development includes a whole range of perspectives , the issue that has outweighed the rest is that of whether language ability is ‘innate’ or not. This matter which has been long debated concentrates on finding out whether children were born ‘preprogrammed’ to acquire language or is it merely a matter of cultural product . One of the most influential figures around this debate was Noam Chomsky, who believed in the innate capacity of children for learning language. As Harris (1990:76) explains, â€Å"Chomsky suggested that infants are born with innate knowledge of the properties of language. Further elaborating on Chomskys’s belief, Sampson (1997:23) says â€Å"Chomsky claims that this process of first language acquisition must be determined in most respects by a genetic programme, so that the development of language in an individuals mind is akin to the growth of a bodily organ rather than being a matter of responding to environmental stimulation. † Noam Chomsky suggested that children are born with a genetic mechanism for the acquisition of language, which he called a â€Å"Language Acquisition Dev ice† (LAD). He claimed that they are born with the major principles of language in place, but with many parameters to set. Further supporting this claim Chomsky (1972:113) said â€Å"Having some knowledge of the characteristics of the acquired grammars and the limitations on the available data, we can formulate quite reasonable and fairly strong empirical hypotheses regarding the internal structure of the LAD that constructs the postulated grammars from the given data. † Nevertheless, this theory of an innate Language Acquisition Device has not been generally accepted but in fact has been opposed on two grounds. Firstly, in the famous ongoing debate between nature and nurture many people have criticised Chomsky for disregarding environmental aspects. Secondly, there is a difference of opinion as to whether language acquisition is part of the child’s wider cognitive development or as Chomsky believes, is an independent inborn ability. Disagreements such as these display the immense impact Chomsky’s theory has had on the field of linguistics. One of the central concepts which Chomsky introduced was the idea of Universal Grammar. Chomsky greatly influenced Linguistic thinking by his theory that a universal grammar inspires all languages and that all languages have the same basic underlying structure. Collis et al (1994:11) further clarify â€Å"Chomsky argued that universals of linguistic form are innate: the child had inborn knowledge of the general form of a transformational grammar. † He believed in Universal Grammar because children remarkably seem to be able to learn rapidly whatever language they are exposed to despite certain rules of grammar being beyond their learning capacity and in a couple of years they seem to master the system they are immersed in . Harris (1990:76) supporting this view says: â€Å"After a period of some four to five years’ exposure to the language of those around them, children seem to have mastered the underlying rule system which enables them to produce an infinite variety of relatively well-formed, complex sentences. † Also children progress so rapidly in acquiring their native language as though they know in advance the general form of the system to be acquired as Fromkin & Rodman (1998:339) state, â€Å"The similarity of the language acquisition stages across diverse peoples and languages shows that children are equipped with special abilities to acquire. Wilkipedia explaining this theory says: â€Å"it does not claim that all human languages have the same grammar, or that all humans are â€Å"programmed† with a structure that underlies all surface expressions of human language; but rather, universal grammar proposes a set of rules that would explain how children acquire their langua ge(s), or how they construct valid sentences of their language. † Although, Sampson (1997:108) gives the arguments in support of language universals some credit saying â€Å"the arguments from universals is the only one hat has some serious prima facie force† But, by and large, Sampson (1997:136) disagrees as he concludes: â€Å"there are some universal features in human languages, but what they mainly show is that human beings have to learn their mother tongues rather than having knowledge of language innate in their minds. † Another argument, involving Chomsky, which is referred to as Poverty of data, is that children would be unable to learn language in a human environment where the input is of poor quality. Chomsky (1980) argued that the child’s acquisition of grammar is ‘hopelessly underdetermined by the fragmentary evidence available. He recognized this deficiency due to two major reasons. The first is the poor nature of the input. According to Chomsky, the sentences heard by the child are so full of errors and incompletions that they provide no clear indication of the possible sentences of the language. As well as this problem there is an unavailability of negative evidence and children have a hard time knowing which forms of their language are acceptable and which are unacceptable. As a result of all this, he believes language learning must rely on other constraints from universal grammar. Macwhinney (2004) says: â€Å"To solve this logical problem, theorists have proposed a series of constraints and parameterizations on the form of universal grammar. Plausible alternatives to these constraints include: conservatism, item-based learning, indirect negative evidence, competition, cue construction, and monitoring. † According to Macwhinney (2004) Chomsky’s views about the poor quality of the input have not stood up well to the test of time. Many studies of child directed speech have shown that speech to young children is slow, clear, grammatical, and very repetitious. Newport, Gleitman & Gleitman (1977) reported, ‘the speech of mothers to children is unswervingly well-formed. ’ More recently, Sagae et al (2004) examined several of the corpora in the CHILDES database and found that adult input to children can be parsed with an accuracy level parallel to that for corpora. Although, this failure of Chomsky’s claim has not so far led to the collapse of the ‘argument from poverty of stimulus’, however, as Macwhinney (2004) says, â€Å"It has placed increased weight on the remaining claims regarding the absence of relevant evidence. The overall claim as Macwhinney (2004) points out is that, â€Å"given the absence of appropriate positive and negative evidence, no child can acquire language without guidance from a rich set of species-specific innate hypotheses. † Chomsky also claimed that there was a critical period for language learning which was first proposed by Eric Lenneberg. He claimed, as Cook & Newson (199 6:301) explain, that there is a critical period during which the human mind is able to learn language; before or after this period language cannot be acquired in a natural fashion. Although the rare cases of feral children who had been deprived of first language in early childhood seems to support the idea of critical period but it is not known for definite if deprivation was the only reason for their language learning difficulties as Sampson (1997:37) points out, â€Å"it is not certain if children in cases of extreme deprivation have trouble learning language because they have missed their so-called â€Å"critical period† or if it is because of the extreme trauma they have experienced. Although Chomsky was a very influential and successful nativist, Sampson (1997:159) claims ‘his theories were given a helping hand by external circumstances. ’ At the time when he was putting forward these ideas about language and human nature, Chomsky was also the leading intellectual opponent of American involvement in the Vietnam War as Sampson (1997:11) states: â€Å"politics had given Chomsky much of his audience in the early days as he was the leadin g intellectual figure in the 1960’s movement against American involvement in the Vietnam War. His opposition to the Vietnam War made him a popular figure amongst the young Americans who also opposed the decision and were eager to cheer on anyone speaking against it. Sampson (1997:11) also points out importantly â€Å"Many people came to listen to Chomsky on foreign policy and stayed to listen to him on linguistics. Giving other reasons Sampson (1997:159) claims that â€Å"it was a period when the academic discipline of linguistics found a new market in providing professional training for teachers of foreign language and this nativist style of language analysis was relatively appealing to them as nativism focused on language universals rather than on the peculiar individual features of particular languages. Similarly he points out that â€Å"it was a period when knowledge of other languages among the English speaking world was diminishing. † Furthermore, the years aro und 1970 were also a period when the university system expanded massively in a very short eriod. Large numbers of people were taken on into the university teaching profession over a few years, and after entering they remained there as Sampson (1997:159) says, â€Å"they stayed; so an over-presentation of whatever intellectual trends happened to be ‘hot’ just then was locked into the system. † Stating another reason Sampson (1997:161) claims: â€Å"American linguists who were not established in their careers were afraid to voice disagreement with nativism publicly for fear of damaging their chances of academic employment. The most important point keeping the nativist domination is the greater job availability as Sampson (1997:161) points out, â€Å"there are more jobs in nativism than empiricism† During the 1980s, Chomsky’s nativist discourse moved out of the public limelight as his political interference became less agreeable to many and so Chomsky ’s influence started to diminish in significance to linguistic nativism as Sampson (1997:11) says â€Å"In the 1980’s Chomsky’s star waned† and then reasoning the 1980’s eclipse he says that ‘those were the Margaret Thatcher years, which meant that educated public opinion had other things to be interested in. But, beginning in the 1990s, a new wave of writing has revived basically the same idea about language and knowledge being innate in human beings and they rely on Chomsky’s ideas as Sampson (1997:14) says, â€Å"Many of the nativists work of the 1990’s depend on chomsky’s version of nativism. However, these books seem to better equipped to the test of time as Sampson (2003) points out â€Å"These books refer to a broader range of considerations, including issues high in human interest such as case studies of pidgin languages, young children’s speech, experiments in teaching language to apes whereas Chomskyâ⠂¬â„¢s arguments were rather dryly formal and mathematical. † Furthermore, the contemporary nativists claim to identify some additional evidence which was never mentioned by Chomsky. Several different writers have contributed to this â€Å"new wave† of present-day arguments for nativism. By far the most influential, however, as Sampson (2003) suggests, has been Steven Pinker’s 1994 book The Language Instinct. Regarding this new revival Sampson (1997:12) says: â€Å"The nativists of the 1990’s are quite different. Their books are full of fascinating information about languages and linguistic behaviour so that people enjoy reading for the data alone. He further states: â€Å"As a result, the new generation of linguistic nativists have succeeded very quickly in winning audiences and attracting praise from distinguished and sometimes influential onlookers. † Criticising the content of these books he says: â€Å"The reader is taken on a magical mystery tour of language and urged to agree that nativism makes a plausible account of it all- rather than herded through a bare corral in which every side exit is sealed off by barriers of logic a nd the only way out is the gate labelled ‘innate knowledge. In conclusion, it is very obvious to see the great impact Chomsky’s ideologies have had in the area of child language acquisition which subsequently enhanced his status. Describing his huge influence Sampson (1997:10) says, â€Å"It would be hard to exaggerate the impact that these ideas of Noam Chomsky’s achieved. † He further states â€Å"By many objective measures, he became the world’s most influential living thinker. Sampson (1997:11) further reports that, â€Å"in the comprehensive computerized registers of references that scholars make to one another’s writings in the academic literature; within the sphere covered by the Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Chomsky is the most- quoted living writer, and the eighth most quoted in history. † Although his ideas suffered a blow in the 1980’s, it has been strongly revived since the 1990’s as Sampson (1997:161) critically states â€Å"in the 1990’s the public mood has changed again. Society is showing signs of reverting to an almost medieval acceptance of intellectual authority, from which dissent is seen as morally objectionable† Further, reasoning the success of these new nativist writers he says â€Å"When Chomsky originally spelled out an argument, the reader would assess it and might detect its fallacies; but when recent writers refer to something as having been established back in the 1960s–70s, most readers are likely to take this on trust, for lack of time and energy to check the sources. Finally, on the subject of ‘nature vs. nurture’ debate, which so heavily involves Chomsky, it seems impossible to distinguish whether language is only acquired due to environmental exposure or simply due to innate faculties. From the evidence it seems that humans possess innate capabilities which enable linguistic development, but the correct environment, with exposure to adult language throughout the critical period, also seems to be necessar y in order for a child to develop and become a proficient speaker. In regards to this issue Collis (1994:10) makes a valid conclusion â€Å"current thinking about language acquisition treats nativist and empiricist explanations as forthrightly opposed, but as potentially varying in degree: language acquisition is mostly a realisation of innate principles, or mostly a consequence of learning. † Similarly, Sampson (2003) clarifies: â€Å"Clearly this issue is not an all-or-nothing question. It is about where truth lies on a spectrum of possibilities. Nature must have some role in human cognition; conversely, nurture must also play a role. † Bibliography Chomsky, N. (1972) Language and Mind New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Chomsky, N. (1980). Rules and representations. New York: Columbia University Press Chomsky, N. (1986) Knowledge of language: it's nature, origin and use. New York: Praeger Cook, V. J, & Newson, M. (1996) Chomsky’s Universal Grammar : An Introduction(2nd ed. ) UK:Blackwell Publishers Collis, G. , Perera, K, & Richards, B (1994) (Eds. ), Growing points in child language UK: CUP Fromkin, V. and Rodman, R. (1998) An Introduction to Language. 6th. ed. US: Harcourt Brace College Publishers Harris, J (1990) Early Language Development- implications for clinical and educational practice London:Routledge Macwhinney, B(2004) ‘A multiple process solution to the logical problem of language acquisition’ Journal of Child Language. Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 883–914 UK:CUP Newport, E. , Gleitman, H. & Gleitman, L. (1977). Mother, I? d rather do it myself: some effects and non-effects of maternal speech style. In C. Ferguson (ed. ), Talking to children :language input and acquisition. Cambridge: CUP Sagae, K. , MacWhinney, B. & Lavie, A. (2004). Automatic parsing of parent–child interactions. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 36, 113–26. Sampson,G (2005) The ‘Language Instinct' Debate: Revised Edition of Educating Eve Continuum International Publishing Group Sampson, G (2003) Empiricism v. Nativism [http://www. grsampson. net/REmpNat. html](07/05/05) Sampson,G (1997) The ‘Language Instinct' Debate: Educating Eve London and New York: Cassell Wikipedia (2005) The Free Encyclopedia – Noam Chomsky [http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky] (07/05/05) Wikipedia (2005) The Free Encyclopedia- Universal grammar [http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Universal_Grammar] (07/05/05)

Henry Ford’s Evolution of Automobiles

â€Å"It is doubtful if any mechanical invention in the history of the world has influenced in the same length of time the lives of so many people in an important way as the motor car. † So writes an American historian, thinking of the automobile alone. But it does not stand-alone. It was the automobile factory that introduced mass production, a process that has changed the lineaments of our economic and social life more profoundly than any other single element in the recent history of civilization. Nearly everyone has heard of this process, yet few have any detailed or exact knowledge of its inception and development. Enter Henry Ford. The true answers of what inspired this Michigan farmer to develop a production process that was so simple, effective and efficient it changed the entire course of history. In this report, we will present a brief history of the era in which Henry Ford lived, the background from which he came, and important management trends he followed. It is hard to summarize the era in which Henry Ford lived. Chiefly because he changed the entire tone of the era in which he lived, making his career a transitional period. We will begin with the world before Ford. In the mid-latter part of the eighteen hundreds (c. 860-c. 1895), the United States was still tending its wounds from the aftermath of the civil war. It was a time of rebuilding, reorganizing and a time to accept change. The country†s figureheads were also changing. When the most respected of men were generals, soldiers, presidents, and war painted warriors, combat bravery was a greatly revered trait. However when the dust and smoke of war cleared, the public†s attention naturally shifted back to home life. The transition occurred when the position of bravery in the public eye changed from a warrior†s bravery, to an entrepreneur†s type of bravery. An undeniable part of home life and living is what tools are used to make a home or farm function. This is where the gaze shifted toward men like Edison for inventing the light bulb and standardizing the use of electricity. Well over one hundred years later, what home is complete without electricity? And (back to our focus) what home is complete without an automobile? Naturally many inventors influenced this time in history. Take for example three boys who grew up on several of the farms in Worcester County, Massachusetts. At thirteen, Tom Blanchard invents an apple-parer; at eighteen he works in a tack factory, and is soon inventing a tack-counting machine, then a tack-making machine. Before long he is one of the masters of the Springfield Arsenal. Elias Howe liked to tinker with the grain mill on his father†s farm, an occupation fitting his rural life. At sixteen he became an apprentice in a Lowell factory for making textile machinery – his sewing machine lay just ahead. Eli Whitney combines farm chores and forge work; restlessly ambitious, he saves money to attend Yale – with what result we all know. The farm is a sound teacher of ingenuity and elementary mechanical skills. Before long however its lessons are ended, and the youth whose imagination is fired by railroads, steamboats, cotton mills, machine shops, and gun factories looks to a larger sphere. † 2 Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863 in the Detroit, Michigan area. He was the oldest of six children born to William and Mary Litogot O†Hern Ford, and the grandson of Irish immigrants who had arrived in America in 1847. The entire family worked on the family farm and Ford was raised with intentions of taking over the family farm when he grew up. He had an intelligent, inquisitive nature and was energized by the huge growth of industry occurring in the Detroit area. † 3He was also an avid experimenter. At age nine, in one of his first experiments, he theorized the power of steam. To prove the nature of this phenomenon, he plugged the spout of one of his mother†s delicate teapots, and set it to a boil. And to the great joy of the young, giggly theorist (and dismay of his mother), the explosion sent pieces of glass and boiling water crashing around the kitchen! Miraculously the young observer was left untouched! This result is eerily reminiscent of the effect Ford would have on the industrial revolution in times to come. As he grew up his father allowed him to â€Å"tinker† with many of the tools on the farm. Ford†s mother called him a â€Å"born mechanic† and provided him with darning needles and corset stays to make into tools for his watch repair work. Probably the most dramatic event in Henry Ford†s life happened in 1876 at age thirteen. While riding with his father in a wagon, they saw a steam engine travelling along the road under its own power. Ford jumped off the wagon and excitedly began to question the driver about this remarkable engine. Used for stationary purposes such as sawing wood, the engine had been mounted on wheels to propel itself. The engineer explained all about the machine and even let Ford fire the engine and run it. â€Å"Ford later said, ‘That showed me that I was by instinct an engineer. â€Å"†4 The seed was planted that there could be a self-propelled vehicle and that thought would haunt his imagination for years. Although he yearned to go to Detroit and work in the machine shops, Ford stayed on the farm helping his family until he was seventeen. Then, with his father†s blessing, he moved to Detroit and started working at the Michigan Car Company for $1. 0 a day. He was fired shortly thereafter after angering the older employees by making repairs in a ? hour instead of the usual five hours. By 1882 Ford had left Detroit and used the family farm as his address as he traveled around from job to job. In 1885, at a party, he met Clara Jane Bryant. They married April 11, 1888 and their only child, Edsel, named after his boyhood friend Edsel Ruddiman, was born November 6, 1893. Ford had never given up his dream of a â€Å"horseless carriage. † Whenever he had a spare moment he read about gas engines and experimented in his own workshop. By 1891 he and Clara had moved back to Detroit and Ford began working for Detroit Edison Illuminating Company. Ford†s Quadricycle (his first automobile) was ready for a try-out in 1896. It frightened the horses and caused many a protest, but it ran. It was through working at the Detroit Edison Illuminating Company that Ford met Thomas Edison. â€Å"At a convention Ford was introduced to Edison as ‘The young fellow who†s made a gas car. â€Å"†5 After discussing his ideas with the great inventor, Ford was glad to hear that Edison thought his ideas had merit. Edison told him, ‘Young man, you have it, a self-contained unit carrying its own fuel. Keep at it! â€Å"†6 The meeting with Thomas Edison gave Henry Ford fresh inspiration and his spirit was renewed by the famous inventor†s words of encouragement. By 1899 Ford had produced an operable car that was written up in the Detroit Journals. Ford was described as a â€Å"mechanical engineer. † Eventually his work developing automobiles conflicted with his position at the Detroit Edison Illuminating Company. Even though the company was well pleased with his work and offered him the General Superintendent position, they asked him to make a choice. Could he give up his â€Å"hobby† of automobile building and devote himself to the company? Ford made the decision. He wanted to make automobiles. After some false starts, on June 16, 1903, with ten investors plus Ford†s patents, knowledge and engine, Henry Ford incorporated the Ford Motor Company. After years of hard, pioneering work, Ford Motor Company produced its ninth and most successful-thus-far automobile, the world famous Model T. It was first marketed in October 1908 and the company dominated sales for the next eighteen years. Because of his development of the assembly line used to mass-produce automobiles, Ford sold more than one half of the cars in the industry in 1918-1919 and 1921-1925. The Model T, or Tin Lizzie, was a hard working, sturdy, commonplace car. Ford†s dream had come true. â€Å"I will build a motor car for the great multitude†¦ constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise†¦ so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in God†s great open spaces. Henry Ford and Thomas Edison had become the best of friends. They admired and respected each other. In 1916 Henry Ford purchased Mangoes, the home next door to his friend Edison†s Seminole Lodge, so that he and Clara could vacation there while the Edisons were down. The two families enjoyed their time away from it all in the tropical serenity of Fort Myers, Florida. Camping expeditions into the Everglades, with Harvey Firestone and his family, plus naturalist John Burroughs, became a special treat. Henry Ford died April 7, 1947. Editorial tributes were favorable to Henry Ford. He was praised as a patriot, philanthropist, philosopher, reformer, economist, and teacher and depicted as a symbol of individualism and productive genius. â€Å"8 During his career, particularly in the early 1900†³s, Ford methods of management were seen as being very innovative. â€Å"He was a student of the modern management methods that were emerging at the time. For example, he was familiar with the work of Frederick Taylor, the driving force behind the new principles of scientific management and the use of time and motion studies to increase job efficiency. † 9Frederick Taylor truly used a scientific approach to management. He took each element of management and production and examined it under great scrutiny. He also observed how each portion of the entire production process worked together as a team. His purpose was to refine each element and bring them together under the least amount of functional friction. â€Å"For example, Taylor took aside the worker element and discovered that most of them were soldiering. Soldiering is deliberately working at less than full capacity. â€Å"10 Upon resolving this problem, the worker element now has less functional friction will perform better for the team. More relevant to Ford†s case was Taylor†s time-and-motion study. This study sharply examined how a worker performed a task. It followed each motion that the worker went through to accomplish a task and then tried to simplify each task by removing steps and/or refining them so that the job could be done faster and with less effort. This proved to be the most revealing of Frederick†s studies as it allowed work to be done at a much faster rate and in some cases quadrupled production! Ford strongly believed in Taylor†s scientific approach and custom fit his production team to perform at the greatest capacity. Having taken influence from Taylor†s time-and-motion study, Ford devised his true masterpiece, the assembly line. This, being the most vital part of production for any mass-produced product, could more than quadruple output with far less labor, and much less skill required for each job. Ford immediately recognized the potential for output of his new company, and upon the earnings its first profits, the company began to expand. This expansion of the Ford Motor Company, accredited to Ford†s innovative management approach, would set a trend that swept the world for many years to come. Being the first company to adopt the method of mass production gave Ford Motor Company such a powerful head start that it dominated the automobile industry for the next twenty years. As far as Henry Ford†s role in his company he was both a figurehead and a liaison. Following his massive success in the auto-industry, Henry Ford began to take part in politics. He also began to donate money to charitable organizations and became a familiar face at important dedication ceremonies around the country. His 1918 run for senate and his dedication ceremonies, i. . (1929 Edison Institute of Technology) identify him as a figurehead for the Ford Motor Company. However, Ford always kept an eye and an ear on other rising companies and other changing trends in industry. This greatly aided him in staying on top of the automobile industry for so long. This would make Ford also a liaison in his company. Ford however did not deal with his workforce directly. â€Å"He hired Harry Bennett as head of the infamous Ford Service Department to maintain control over his rapidly expanding following of workers. 11 Ford†s indirect management of his workers would therefore disqualify him from the leader role in his company, making him a figurehead/liaison type manager. Henry Ford†s life falls into a very small category of lives known as revolutionaries. He was not simply and inevitable product of his time. He was original and revolutionary. He defied precedent and never once allowed the impossibilities of the past to limit the possibilities of the future. And above all he was a true patriot to the growth of the human race.

Priam vs Achilles essays

Priam vs Achilles essays In Homers epic poem The Iliad the great Argive hero Achilles is depicted first as a valiant but emotional character. He is given far too much to his anger and is driven by his vengeance. After being deprived of his beloved Breisis he spins into a torrent of anger and abandons his king and his countrymen to serve his own selfish pride. Achilles eventually returns to the battlefield and defeats the Trojans, but at this point in the story he is only a great warrior. He is simply an invincible hulk of a man whose only merit is literally god-given. It is only after killing Hector, the Trojan kings most beloved son, desecrating his corpse, and being implored by his father does his true honor and valor shine through. It is only through his honor of and respect for Priam that he may transform. Achilles honors a great many things in Priam. I think first and foremost, he admires his likeness to his own father. He has respect for his age and for the things he has done. Priam is a great king that has fathered many sons. He has fought long to protect his kingdom and establish his lineage. I think Achilles honors his love for his sons and, most importantly his love for Hector. He admires his wealth and excellence also. I think both of these are made evident when Achilles says to Priam, you excelled all men, old king, in sons and wealth (XXIV.639) What Achilles at one time view as a war trophy, he now sees as something more. The corpse of Hector is a symbol of a fathers pride and a labor of love. Priam produced many sons but none even compared to greatness of Hector. None fought so tenaciously on the battlefield to defend his homeland. None were so brave and devoted to morality. None cared more for his country and his family. When Priam speaks of Hector he feels ashamed of the way he treated him. He feels guilt for dishonoring such an honorable man and for treating him as a trophy. To dishonor Hector...

7 Principles of Pitching Articles

7 Principles of Pitching Articles 7 Principles of Pitching Articles 7 Principles of Pitching Articles By Mark Nichol You’ve thought of an interesting angle on a political or social issue you don’t see discussed anywhere else. You have access to an expert who you believe would be a good subject for a timely interview, or you know an up-and-coming entrepreneur you think people will pay attention to. You know what you want to write, and you’re ready to do it and you could simply post it on your own blog, but, hey, why not get paid for it and be guaranteed a sizable audience? It’s time to prepare a pitch. A pitch, known in book publishing as a query letter, is an overture to a print or online publication about an article, essay, or review you’d like it to publish. An effective pitch gets considered; an ineffective one doesn’t. Fortunately, there are some proven strategies for making sure your pitch is of the former variety: 1. Pitch to the Publication Consider the audience. Any topic is appropriate for a number of publications, but your approach to it, and your voice, is going to be a good match for some and a poor fit for others. You can certainly adapt your take on the topic depending on the publication’s personality, but tailor each pitch to a specific recipient. 2. Be Professional Use an appropriate tone in your pitch. If you haven’t met the recipient, be formal. If the editor is an acquaintance, or you’ve had prior correspondence or personal contact, mention that fact as an entree but move on, and again, be professional. If you’ve already had your work published in the publication, remind the editor of the fact, but don’t loosen your language unless you’re certain at the risk of losing an amenable editor if you’re wrong that you can afford to be casual because of your relationship. Professional doesn’t mean â€Å"pedestrian,† though. Display your personality and your distinctive writing style, but in moderation. Think about how you would approach your correspondent in person: You’d want to come across as clever and charming but not overbearing or obnoxious. 3. Play by the Rules Unless submission guidelines specify otherwise, email a specific editor, rather than using postal mail or the telephone. If a junior staff member is listed as the point of contact, don’t try an end run to a senior editor unless you have a recommendation from a mutual contact or you already have a connection. If you’re sending a cold-call pitch, it has to stand on its own merits, no matter who reads it, and be worthy of being sent along to a key decision maker. If there’s no response, follow up after a couple of days, emphasizing the timeliness of the prospective piece, if it is in fact time sensitive. If there’s no response after an initial reply, do the same thing, but if there’s no further contact, move on. Repurpose your query for another publication and send it off. 4. Be a Solution, Not a Problem Despite the feel-good pop-psychology trope to the contrary, there are stupid questions. They’re the ones you ask the wrong person or at the wrong time. Don’t query an editor about per-word rate, word count, or other quotidian questions that may be available on a Web site FAQ page or in submissions guidelines, or by just reading a publication, and that are probably premature anyway. Asking about such details at the pitch stage is an amateur move, and a deal killer. The only question your pitch should include other than a question your article will answer is, â€Å"Are you interested?† 5. Pitch the Pitch, Not a Portfolio Refrain from submitting a CV, a resume, a summary of prior publication, or any professional background information unless any of the above are relevant to the article’s subject matter (you have an advanced degree in the subject matter, or a renowned would-be interviewee was your master’s-thesis adviser) or are especially impressive in some other respect. Do include two or three clips, preferably accessible by URLs for articles published online the more pertinent to the pitch topic, the better, but your best work will do. 6. Share Your Sources Identify by name and credentials the people you will be interviewing or consulting to inform your work and don’t include anyone you’re not reasonably certain will talk to you. If you have personal contacts a White House insider who’s a friend of the family, or a freed hostage who was your college roommate you might want to mention that. A key part of your pitch is persuading an editor that your work will be authoritative. Your personal interest in the topic doesn’t count for anything, and knowledge alone of quotable people isn’t much better; you must demonstrate that you can connect with them. 7. Audition for the Role You want to prove that you can deliver a tight, potent, incisive article that will keep readers engaged from start to finish. Demonstrate your ability to do so with a crisp, clear, concise presentation. Tell the editor what you’re going to do, and how you’re going to do it what thought-provoking idea you’re going to explore, what your perspective will be, and from whence your authority will derive. A brisk one-paragraph outline of no more than a few sentences should do the work. If you have a great idea for a headline, work that into the pitch. You might even use it for your message header but if not, make sure that what shows up in the editor’s email queue is eye catching. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of Adjectives"Have" vs "Having" in Certain ExpressionsRunning Errands and Doing Chores

Why is Locke concerned with the question whether our terms for Essay

Why is Locke concerned with the question whether our terms for substances are terms for items with a real essence - Essay Example Subsequently, he pragmatically thought over the concept of knowledge and language formulation, the core of which shall be discussed hereunder. According to Locke, what we know is always properly understood as the relation between ideas (the learned concepts of experienced reality), and in the said essay, he explained at length the stance that all of our ideation is a consequence of experience. The outcome of this objective method is that the human mind seems to get somewhat undermined in its abilities. While describing the domains of human capabilities in terms of knowledge, ideas and the like, he endeavors to challenge certain basic and traditional norms of communication, language and interaction constructs. Here, the issue of contention is the fact as to how Locke tackles the term of 'substance'. Locke describes or rather differentiates the qualities of substances into two divisions: primary and secondary. The primary attributes deal with those traits of an entity, which forms its existence - the integral constituents of the object. However, the secondary attributes are those, which are qualified by our perceptual reality and which may be taken in a relative term depending upon the observer. "The primary/secondary quality distinction gets us a certain ways in understanding physical objects, but Locke is puzzled about what underlies or supports the primary qualities themselves. He is also puzzled about what material and immaterial substances might have in common that would lead us to apply the same word to both" (SEP). Such contemplations gave him the impetus to coin the relative and obscure idea of substance in general. He referred to the ever dynamic use of the word 'substance'. Locke claims that substances support the substances support qualities - these may be as infinite as one can imagine. For understanding of concepts, he believed, simply information about the object was not enough. There had to be some linkages in the information that we receive in clusters. These linkages had to be the essence of understanding the concept to its fullest. This is a result of the fact that he himself cannot purport a rationale for the existence of tropes (tropes are properties that can exist independently of substances). Hence, he could not use of a concept in lieu of 'substance'. He seems extremely cautious about our limitations of the ideas of substances. He has been understandably criticized for blowing this substance debate out of proportion, yet the importance that he appreciates within this concept is what produces the entire basis for his conviction. It troubled Locke to consider the substance as being something without having any properties - this in effect would be unscientific and hence impossible according to the doctrine presented by him. On Essences He attempts to give ideas of substances, simple modes, mixed modes, relations and so on. Here, he intends to clarify the difference between real and nominal essences. Due to his obvious passion with empiricism, his primary interest always seems in defining the attributes of an entity before he can look at its functions. Locke admits that not all words relate to ideas. Though an adamant campaigner against innate experiences, yet he

The Bedrock of our Lives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Bedrock of our Lives - Essay Example Indeed, in the fast-paced movement of the modern world, we need family to keep us grounded and give us a place to call home. First of all, our family has been with us from the start and has seen us through our development in life. Before we could get started in our careers, before we become successful people in whatever fields of endeavour we explore, before we meet all our friends, our family was there to guide us through the early stages of our life. That means that they accept us no matter what, despite our shortcomings. We all have heard stories of young people who left their homes to rebel against their parents, blaming them for some imagine grievance, and believing that they can make it in the world. Some of them fare well, earning money and establishing themselves in a good career. Some, however, find themselves involved in all sorts of vices and moving in the wrong crowd. Either way, at some point in their lives, they will find themselves drawn back home – a place of f amiliarity and safety, a place that has accepted them for who they are. The truth is that family reminds us of a more innocent time in our lives, it takes us back to our childhood when things were so much simpler and safer. The second point that I make when I say that family is most important is that a large part of a person’s emotional state is determined by whether or not he or she has a happy family. It is easy to take our families for granted when we are successful, when we are surrounded by friends, when we immerse ourselves in other preoccupations. The truth of the matter is, however, when we lose our families or when family relationships break up, it is one of the biggest causes of depression and even suicide. In an important study conducted by Jerry Jacobs and Joseph Teicher entitled â€Å"Broken Homes and Social Isolation in Attempted Suicides of Adolescents† (1967) it was found that that after looking at the life-histories of patients who had attempted to com mit suicide and comparing it to the life-histories of those who had not committed suicide, a great proportion of those in the former group come from broken homes or had unhappy family relationships. So you see, this means that while it is easy to take family relationships for granted when our family is stable and whole, when the links that bind are broken, it causes a great sense of personal devastation – indeed, to the point that it can drive one to commit suicide. It is clear therefore, that more than any other thing, family is the most important thing in life. Thirdly, our families have our back, no matter what. That is the power of relationships within the family. One may have plenty of friends to spend good times with, but how many people will stick by your side during the bad times? If, in the middle of the night, you find yourself in the unfortunate situation of being arrested and thrown to prison, chances are, the first person you would call is a family member. That i s because of the absolute certainty we have that our family is going to be there not only in the good times but also in the bad. They cheer for us when we are at our best, and give us steady and unconditional comfort when we are at our worst. They say that life is a competition: we are constantly competing with other people for a variety of things, be it a job promotion, academic honors, winning affection from the opposite sex. Some people, therefore, will want to bring you down in order to get ahead. Our families, however, are our safe haven from the mini-olympiads playing out in the